资源描述：
《Tourism development in small islands across the world【外文翻译】》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、外文翻译原文TourismdevelopmentinsmallislandsacrosstheworldMaterialSource:GeografiskaAnnalerSeriesB:HumanGeography;2003,Vol.85Issue4,p231-242,12p,2ChartsAuthor:McElroy,JeromeL.ThisstudydevelopstheTourismPenetrationIndexandappliesitto51islands.Theresultsconfirmthemostpene
2、tratedcompriseCaribbean,MediterraneanandNorthernPacificislandstypifiedbylargeresorts,crowding,shortstaysandthereplacementofman-madeattractionsforlostamenities.TheleastpenetratedislandscomprisemainlyPacificandIndianOceandestinationscharacterizedbysmallfacilities,lo
3、ngstaysandlimitedinfrastructure.Theintermediateislandsprimarilyfallintotwogroups:Caribbeanislandsadvancingtothehigh-densitystage,andotherdestinationsexperiencingrapidgrowthandresourceconflicts.Thestudyconcludeswithplanningimplicationsandsuggestionsforfurtherresear
4、ch.Thepostwarhistoryofsmallislandshasbeenmarkedbytwofavorabledevelopmentfactors:themarchofdecolonizationandtheglobalspreadofinternationaltourism.However,muchofthisgrowthhasbeenoverlyrapid,unplannedandintrusiveandhasdamagedinsularecosystems(Briguglioetal,1996).Inth
5、eCaribbean,tourismexpansionhasdirectlyorindirectlycauseddeforestationanderosionofuplandforestsforcondominiumdevelopmentsandroad-works,aswellasbeachloss,lagoonpollutionandreefdamagefromsandmining,dredgingandboatanchoring(McElroyanddeAlbuquerque,1998).Nearly30%ofthe
6、reefsareathighriskduetorunoffanddischargesofuntreatedmunicipalandhotelwaste,andpollutionfrompleasureyachtsandcruiseships(Bryantetal.,1998).Partlyasaresult,since1985fishcatchesareoffnearly50percentingrosstonnage(UNEP,1999b).Sincetourism’sbio-culturalbaseisindecline
7、acrosstheislandworld,andbecauseofthecontinuedpressuresfromincreasedglobalizationexpectedforthefuture(UNEP,2002),researchershavecalledforgreener,lowerdensitytourismstylesandhavebeguntoexplorethecausesofthispolicyfailure.Avarietyofstructuralandinstitutionalfactorsha
8、vebeensuggested(McElroy,2002).CarryingcapacityhasbeenapolicyconcerninmallislandspursuingamasstourismstrategyparticularlysincetheappearanceofButler’s(198
