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1、外文翻译原文CharacteristicsofmigrantentrepreneurshipinEurope.MaterialSource：Entrepreneurship&RegionalDevelopment；Jul2009，Vol.21Issue4，p375-397，23p，3Charts.Author：Baycan-Levent，Tuzin；Nijkamp，Peter2.1.Introduction:migrationandmigrantentrepreneurshipFromaglobalperspectivemanypeopleareonthemove
2、;internationalmigrationhasbecomeakeyfeatureofamodernopensociety(Gorter,Nijkamp,andPoot1998).Accordingtoawidelyuseddefinition,migrantsarepersonswhohavebeenoutsidetheircountryofbirthorcitizenshipforaperiodof12monthsorlonger(SasseandThielemann2005).Itisestimatedthatatpresent,thereareabou
3、t160millionmigrantsworldwide(2to3%oftheworldpopulation),supplementedbyanestimated10millionillegalmigrants.In2003,therewereanestimated17millionforcedmigrants(asylum-seekersandrefugees)worldwide;ofthese,4.1millionwerebeinghostedinEurope(UNHCRstatisticalyearbook2003).Itisfurtherestimated
4、thattheannualnetinflowofmigrantsintotheEU15wasabout1.7millionin2002(Eurostatyearbook2004),withjustunder50%comingfromotherEuropeancountries.Spain,Italy,Germany,andtheUKaccountedforabout70%ofthisnetinflow.Europeisanimportantcontinentforinternationalmigrationshowingacurrentstockof56milli
5、onmigrantsinthepopulation,followedbyAsiawith50million,andNorthAmericawith41million(Zimmermann2005).Anumberoffactors,suchasformercoloniallinks–previousareasoflabourrecruitment–oreaseofentryfromneighbouringcountriesshapethetrendsininternationalmigration(Stalker2002).Ingeneral,thevarious
6、migrantflowscanbeclassifiedintofourbroadcategoriesofentry:labourmigration,familyreunification,undocumentedworkersorillegalimmigrants,andasylumseekers.However,studentsstudyingabroadformorethanoneyear,internationalretirementmigration,andexpatriateprofessionalsonlong-termassignmentsformo
7、thercategoriesofentry.SincetheendofWorldWarII,Europehashadfourmainphasesofimmigration(Stalker2002;Zimmermann2005):(1)late1940sandearly-1950s–post-waradjustment,massrefugeeflowsanddecolonization;(2)early-1950sto1973–labourmigration;(3)1974tomid-1980s–restrainedmigration;and(4)mid-1980s
8、to200
