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1、NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)AmericanRomanticism1.Background:westwardexpansion,greatimmigration,burgeoningindustrialism,theideaofdemocracyandequality,etc.anurgetohaveitsownliterature.2.Distinctfeatures:a.Thewildernessofthewestb.Thedesiretoescapefromsocietyandreturntonaturec.localdial
2、ectsd.puritanthoughts(moralize/originalsin)3.NewEnglandTranscendentalismtworepresentatives:EmersonandThoreau.4.AmericanRomanticliteraturepoets:PhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryW.Longfellow,WaltWhitman,etc.fictionwriters:WashingtonIrving:comicfablesEdgarAllenPoe:GothictalesJames
3、FenimoreCooper:frontieradventuresHermanMelville:narrativequestsNathanielHawthorne:psychologicalromances5.Romanticists’differentunderstandingofhumannature:Transcendentalists:manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible.puritanwriters:(originalsin)everybodyispotentiallyasinner,and
4、greatmoralcourageisindispensablefortheimprovementofhumannature.Abouttheauthor1.LifeBorntoafamilywithalongPuritantradition,thefamilyfortunedeclinedgradually,readextensivelyandformedanambitiontobeawriter./BowdoinCollege/customsofficer/consulinLiverpool2.LiteraryCareerTwice-ToldTales(tu
5、rningpoint)TheScarletLetterTheBlithedaleRomanceMossesfromanOldManseTheHouseoftheSevenGablesAmericanPuritanism1)PuritanismisthereligiousbeliefofthePuritans,whocametoNewEnglandforthesakeofreligiousfreedomandintendedto“purify”orsimplifythereligiousritualsoftheChurchofEngland.2)ThePurita
6、nsacceptedtheCalvinisticdoctrineofpredestination得救预定论（认为上帝已预先选定某些灵魂得救,余者受咒诅）,originalsin,totaldepravityandsalvationofaselectedfewthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod(limitedatonement).TheybelievedintheoriginalsinandtheharshDayofDoom,althoughsomegoodpeople—thechosenpeopleor“theElect”
7、—maybesaved.4)Beingagroupofseriouslyreligiouspeople,theyhadastrongsenseofmissionandwereveryidealistic,fortheythoughttheywerethe“chosen”peoplebyGodandsenttotheNewWorldtopurifythebeliefsandpracticesoftheChurchofEngland,fromwhichtheyhadseparatedthemselves,andbuiltinAmericaanewchurch.The
8、PuritansinNe
