语言学教程胡壮麟

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1、注意：若无法显示音标，请将所附ipa-samdsild.TTF拷贝到“控制面板”的“字体”文件夹。AnIntroductiontoLinguistics语言学导论胡壮麟主编《语言学教程》（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社2001年Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.1Whystudylanguage?lLanguagesarethebestmirrorofthehumanmind.--Leibniz(莱布尼兹1646-1716)psychologymind/brainpedago

2、gycognitivesciencelThethreebasicquestionsthatconcernChomskyare:(i)Whatconstitutesknowledgeoflanguage?(ii)Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?(iii)Howisknowledgeoflanguageputtouse?Leibniz,GottfriedWilhelm (1646-1716)Germanrationalistphilosopher,mathematician,a

3、ndlogician.Hespenthislifeinthediplomaticandpoliticalserviceandin1700wasappointedfirstpresidentoftheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.Leibnizischieflyknownasanexponentofoptimism;hebelievedthattheworldisfundamentallyharmoniousandgood,beingcomposedofsingleunits(monad

4、s),eachofwhichisself-containedbutactsinharmonywitheveryother;theseformanascendinghierarchyculminatinginGod.TheirharmonyisordainedbyGod,whoneveractsexceptforareasonthatrequiresit,andsothisworldisthebestofallpossibleworlds(aviewsatirizedinVoltaire'sCandide).

5、Leibnizmadetheimportantdistinctionbetweennecessary(logical)truthsandcontingent(factual)truths,andproposedauniversallogicallanguagethatwouldeliminateambiguity.HealsodevisedamethodofcalculusindependentlyofNewton.Chomsky,(Avram)Noam (1928-–)UStheoreticallingu

6、istandpoliticalactivist.HistheoryoftransformationalgrammarissetoutinSyntacticStructures(1957).Adistinctionismadebetweenaspeaker'slinguisticcompetence,whichisidealized,andactualperformance;thetheorysetsouttoaccountonlyfortheformer.Chomskyhasrevisedthetheory

7、since1957.1.2Whatislanguage?lLanguageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.–Sapir（萨丕尔1884-1939)lLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Wardhaugh（沃道）lAla

8、nguageisaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.–Chomsky（乔姆斯基1928-）lAlanguageisasystemformeanings.–Halliday（韩礼德1925-）Weshalldefinelanguageas“meaningpotentia