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1、AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsSchoolofForeignLanguagesGuTongqing12.Phonetics(语音学)IntroductionSpelling,pronunciationandphonetictranscriptionSpeechorgans/organsofspeechThephoneticpropertiesofspeechsoundsClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds22.1IntroductionWhatisphonetics
2、?Phoneticsisthefieldoflanguageconcerningthephysicalpropertiesofsounds.or:Phoneticsisthesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.3TheScopeofPhoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:thestudyo
3、fthespeechorgansandhowtheymovetoproducespeechsounds.Auditoryphonetics:thestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.Acousticphonetics:studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.42.2PhoneticTranscriptionTheIPA(TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet)In1888,theInternational
4、PhoneticAssociationdevisedtheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.Romansmallletters:[b,p,s,z,k,g]Greekletters:[θ,ε]Lettersupsidedown[ə,Λ]Obsoleteletters:[ð,ʒ,∫]2lett
5、erstogether:[t∫,dз,æ]Diacritics:[ph,ł,po]5MoreaboutIPA:TheIPAhasbeenrevisedandcorrectedseveraltimesandisnowwidelyusedindictionariesandtextbooksthroughouttheworld.ThelatestversionoftheIPAwasrevisedin1993andcorrected(updated)in1996.ThepresentsystemoftheIPAderivesmai
6、nlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphoneticianDanielJonesandhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.6HenrySweet,inhisHandbookofphoneticsmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.Compare:broadandnarrowtranscriptionwords:pitfeellaterbroadtranscription:/pit/
7、/fi:l//’leitə/narrowtranscription:/phit//fi:ł//’leiDə/7BroadandNarrowTranscriptionAbroadtranscriptionisonethatonlytakesaccountofthesounddifferencesthatareimportanttodistinguishwordsfromeachotherinalanguage.Abroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonl
8、y.Anarrowtranscriptionattemptstorepresentmoreorlessaccuratelythewayinwhichaparticularspeakerpronounceshiswords.Anarrowtranscriptionisatranscriptionwithl
