文体学考试重点.doc

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1、chapter4Deepstructuredeviationreferstosemanticdeviation.Itislinguisticeffect,whichinvolvessomethingoddinmeaningofalinguisticunit,i.e.awordoraphrase.Contradiction（矛盾）Atypeofsemanticdeviationwhichconveysself-conflictinginformation。Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法、逆喻，如cruelkindness）Oxymoronreferstotheyoking（结合）

2、togetheroftwoexpressionsthatarenotcompatible（可以并存的、相容的）inthenormalsense,sothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivable（可想到的、可相信的）literalreferenceinreality.Examples:asthewretchedcreaturemumbledandchuckledinherhideousmerriment,theundertakerturnedtogoaway.(OliverTwist)Analysis:Thesurfacecontradictio

3、nofthetwowordshideousandmerrimentaptlyshowstheextentoftheoldwoman’sidiocy.Paradox：似是而非的隽语astatement陈述whichisabsurd荒谬的becauseitself-evidentlyfalse,aseeminglycontradictorystatementthatnonethelessmaybetrue.Examples:itwasabright,colddayinApril,andtheclockswerestrikingthirteen.Analysis:thesecond

4、clauseofthesentenceisastatementthatisextremelyabsurdforinrealitynoclockstrikesbeyondtwelve.Throughtheuseoftheparadox,Orwellseemstohintthatthewholestorywillbeabsurd.Transference转移:Asaliterarypracticeitreferstotheuseoflanguagewhichleadspeople’scomprehension理解tothefigurative形象的plane.标准、水平Synec

5、doche提喻法:thefigureofspeechthatusesaparttorefertothewhole,ortouseaparticularthingofakindtorefertothewholespeciesorkindorviceversa.Returntoher?No,ratherIabjureallroofsandchoose…Tobeacomradewiththewolfandowl.Shakespeare,thetamingoftheshrewHere,roofsrefertowholehousesorbuildings.Metonymy:atypeo

6、ftransference,whichinvolvessubstitutionofanattributeofacertainthingforthewholeratherthanthesubstitutionrelationshipbetweenthepartandthewhole.Example：“thekettleboils”refersto“thewaterinthekettleboils”Sometimes,theideawouldhavebeenexpressedmushlesseffectively,ifmetonymshadnotbeenused.Metaphor

7、:Thewayoftalkingaboutonethingbymeansoforintermsofanotherthingonthebasisofacertainsimilaritybetweenthesetwo.Awayofdescribingsomethingbysayingithasthequalitiesofsomethingelse,itcomparesthingswithoutusingthewords“as”or“like”ThesunshineofhersmileWhatatoadtha