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1、《新编跨文化交际英语教程》期中考试复习资料Unit2CultureandCommunicationSomeIdeasRelatedtoCultureandCommunication1.VariousDefinitionsofCultureThewordculturehasnumerousmeanings.Itissaidthattherearemorethan150definitionsaboutculture.Culturewastreatedearlierasacomplexwholeofoursoc
2、ialtraditionsandasaprerequisiteforustobeamemberofthesociety.Culturecanbeasetoffundamentalideas,practices,andexperiencesofagroupofpeoplethataresymbolicallytransmittedgenerationtogenerationthroughalearningprocess.Culturemayaswellrefertobeliefs,norms,andatti
3、tudesthatareusedtoguideourbehaviorsandsolvehumanproblem.2.CultureasaWaytoSatisfyHumanNeedsa)thephysiologicalneedsb)thesafetyneedsc)thebelongingnessneedsd)theesteemneedse)theself-actualizationneeds—AbrahamMaslow,apsychologist3.CultureasanIcebergCultureisco
4、mparedtoanicebergthatonetenthofitisabovethewaterandninetenthsisbelowthewater.Thepartabovewateristheovertculturewhichcanbeseenclearly,whilethepartbelowwateristhedeepculturewhichisoutofourawareness.4.CharacteristicsofCulture6/6《新编跨文化交际英语教程》期中考试复习资料a)Culture
5、isholistic.Thischaracteristicunderscoresthecomplexnatureofculture.Asaholisticsystem,aneducationsystem,areligioussystem,anassociationsystem,apoliticalsystem,andsoon,thevariousaspectsofculturearecloselyinterrelated.Inotherworlds,anychangeinasubsystemwillaff
6、ectthewholesystem.Forexample,theAmericanCivilRightsMovementbroughtaboutchangesindifferentfacetsofAmericancultureandalteredAmericanattitude,values,andbehaviors.b)Cultureisacquired.Webegintoconsciouslyandunconsciouslylearnourcultureinourearlylifethroughthep
7、rocessofsocializationorenculturation.Interactionwithfamilymembersandfriendsisthemostcommonwayforustolearnourculture.Othersourcesforlearningourcultureareschools,churches,media,folktales,andart.c)Cultureischanging.Culturesareconstantlychangingovertime.Somec
8、ulturesaremoreopenandacceptingofchange,otherstendtoresistit.Cultureschangeintheprocessoftransmissionfromgenerationtogeneration,grouptogroup,andplacetoplace.TheAmericanCivilWarandChina’sOpiumWarbroughtgreatsocialandc
