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1、21BIOLOGICALASPECTSOFTHEINTERSPECIESTRANSMISSIONOFSELECTEDCORONAVIRUSESAnastasiaN.VlasovaandLindaJ.SaifFoodAnimalHealthResearchProgram,TheOhioStateUniversity,Wooster,OH,USATABLEOFCONTENTS21.1Introduction39321.2Coronavirusclassificationandpathogenesis39721.3Naturalreservoirsan
2、demergenceofnewcoronaviruses39921.4Alpha-,beta-andgammacoronaviruses:cross-speciestransmission40421.4.1Alpha-coronavirusescross-speciestransmission40421.4.2Beta-coronavirusescross-speciestransmission40521.4.3Gamma-coronavirusescross-speciestransmission40721.5Anthropogenicfact
3、orsandclimateinfluenceoncoronavirusdiversityandoutbreaks40721.6Conclusion410References41021.1INTRODUCTIONCoronavirinaesubfamilymembersareenvelopedviruseswithahelicalcapsid,andapositive-strandednonsegmentedRNA(27–32kb)genome(Spaanet al.,1988;Tyrrellet al.,1975).The5′and3′endso
4、fcoronavirus(CoV)genomescontainshortuntranslatedregions(UTRs).Forthecodingregions,thegenomeorganizationofallCoVsissimilar,ViralInfectionsandGlobalChange,FirstEdition.EditedbySunitK.Singh.©2014JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Published2014byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.393394BIOLOGICALASPECTSOFTHEINT
5、ERSPECIESTRANSMISSIONOFSELECTEDCORONAVIRUSESwiththecharacteristicgeneorder5′-replicaseORF1ab,spike(S),envelope(E),mem-brane(M)andnucleocapsid(N)-3′,althoughvariablenumbersofadditionalORFsarepresentineachsubgroupofcoronaviruses(Table 21.1).Atranscriptionregulatorysequence(TRS)
6、motifispresentatthe3′endoftheleadersequenceprecedingmostORFs.LikeothermembersoftheNidoviralesorder,CoVsproduceasetof3′nestedtran-scriptswithacommonshortleadersequenceatthe5′terminus(Cavanagh,1997;Gorbalenyaet al.,2006;Spaanet al.,1988).Coronavirus(CoV)geneticdiversityismainta
7、inedthroughaccumulationofpointmutationsingenes(geneticdrift)duetolowfidelityoftheRNA-dependentRNApolymeraseandhomologousRNArecombination(geneticshift)(Domingo,1998;Domingoet al.,1998a,b,2006).Recombinationisfacilitatedbyauniquetemplateswitch-ing“copy-choice”mechanismduringRNA
8、replicationwiththetranscription-regulatingsequence(TRS)motifsbelieve
