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1、In“Human-ComputerInteractionintheNewMillenium,”JohnM.Carroll,ed.;©Addison-Wesley,August2001,pp.579-601.EmergingFrameworksforTangibleUserInterfacesBryggUllmerandHiroshiIshiiABSTRACTFormorethanthirtyyears,peoplehavereliedprimarilyonscreen-basedtextandgraphicstointeractwithcomputer
2、s.Whetherthescreenisplacedonadesk,heldinone’shand,wornonone’shead,orembeddedinthephysicalenvironment,thescreenhascultivatedapredominantlyvisualparadigmofhuman-computerinteraction.Inthischapter,wediscussagrowingspaceofinterfacesinwhichphysicalobjectsplayacentralroleasbothphysical
3、representationsandcontrolsfordigitalinformation.Wepresentaninteractionmodelandkeycharacteristicsforsuch“tangibleuserinterfaces,”andexplorethesecharacteristicsinanumberofinterfaceexamples.Thisdiscussionsupportsanewlyintegratedviewofbothrecentandpreviouswork,andpointsthewaytowards
4、newkindsofcomputationally-mediatedinterfacesthatmoreseamlesslyweaveto-getherthephysicalanddigitalworlds.INTRODUCTIONThelastdecadehasseenawaveofnewresearchintowaystolinkthephysicalanddigitalworlds.Thisworkhasledtotheidentificationofseveralmajorresearchthemes,includingaugmentedrea
5、lity,mixedreality,ubiquitouscomputing,andwearablecomputing.Atthesametime,anumberofinterfaceshavebeguntoexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalrepresentationanddigitalinformation,highlightingkindsofinterac-tionthatarenotreadilydescribedbytheseexistingframeworks.Fitzmaurice,Buxton,a
6、ndIshiitookanimportantsteptowardsdescribinganewconceptualframeworkwiththeirdiscussionof“graspableuserinterfaces”[Fitzmaurice95].Buildinguponthisfoundation,weextendedtheseideasandproposedtheterm“tangibleuserinterfaces”in[Ishii97].Amongotherhistoricalinspirations,wesuggestedtheaba
7、cusasacompellingprototypicalexample.Inparticular,itiskeytonotethatwhenviewedfromtheperspectiveofhuman-computerinteraction(HCI),theabacusisnotaninputdevice.Theabacusmakesnodistinctionbetween“input”and“output.”Instead,theabacusbeads,rods,andframeserveasmanipulablephysicalrepresent
8、ationsofnumericalvaluesandoperations.Simultaneo
