写作教程第2版课件u7.ppt

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1、EnglishWritingIIUnit7SOCIALPROBLEMSUnitobjective:causeandeffectPartIICauseandEffect“CauseandEffect”isregardedasalogicalpatterncommonlyusedinexplanationandargumentation.Cause-effectrelationshipsmaybeshowninvariouswaysinadditiontothesinglecause-effecttype;itismoreo

2、ftenthannotpresentedinformsofsinglecausevs.multipleeffects,multiplecausesvs.singleeffect,multiplecausesandeffects,orchainsofcausesandeffects.Thepurposeofcause-and-effectwritingistoprovideabetterpictureofthesituationunderdiscussion,ortodrawenoughattentiontothesign

3、ificanceofsomerelatedoriginsandconsequences,andevenpredicteddevelopments.OrganizationalStructureStudythefollowingtwosamplesandanalyzetheirdifferentstructures.Sample1Questions1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Thisparagraphisdevelopedaroundtheproblemof“thelackofparkin

4、g”complainedaboutbyUScityresidents.2.Whataretheorganizationalcharacteristicsoftheparagraph?Theparagraphisorganizedonapatternofsingleeffectandmultiplecauses.Aftertheproblemisclearlypresentedatthebeginning,therestoftheparagraphisdevotedtotheexplorationofitscauses.A

5、ltogetherthreemajorcausesarediscussed,fromtheobviousfactoftheabandonedcarstakingupparkingspacestotheunderlyingfinancialheadaches.Inthisway,thewritingshowsalogicalcause-and-effectpattern,whichmightconsequentlyattractmoreconcernoreffortsintheproblem’ssolution.3.Inw

6、hatkindoforderarethecausespresented?Thethreecausesarepresentedfromthemostdirect/obvioustothemostindirect/obscure.CompletetheoutlineaccordingtotheorganizationofSample1:Causes1.Overamillioncarsareabandonedonthestreets.2.Morecarsareconsequentlybeingproduced.3.Bothci

7、tygovernmentsorgovernmentalagencieshavefinancialheadaches.EffectLackofparkingincitiesSummarizethepatternoftheparagraphThesampleparagraphpresentstheproblemoflackofparkinginsomeoftheUScitiesbeforeitgoesontoexplorethecausesoftheissue.Thispatternoforganizationissingl

8、eeffectvs.multiplecauses.Inthispattern,youmaystatetheissue,i.e.theeffect,rightatthebeginning,andthenguidethereadertotrackdownsomeimportantevidenceforthecauses.