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1、IMMANUELKANTAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?(1784)Enlightenmentisman'semergencefromhisself-imposedimmaturity.Immaturityistheinabilitytouseone'sunderstandingwithoutguidancefromanother.Thisimmaturityisself-imposedwhenitscauseliesnotinlackofunderstanding,butinlackofresolveandcouragetous
2、eitwithoutguidancefromanother.SapereAude![daretoknow]"Havecouragetouseyourownunderstanding!"--thatisthemottoofenlightenment.Lazinessandcowardicearethereasonswhysogreataproportionofmen,longafternaturehasreleasedthemfromalienguidance(natura-litermaiorennes),nonethelessgladlyremaininlifelongimmat
3、urity,andwhyitissoeasyforotherstoestablishthemselvesastheirguardians.Itissoeasytobeimmature.IfIhaveabooktoserveasmyunderstanding,apastortoserveasmyconscience,aphysiciantodeterminemydietforme,andsoon,Ineednotexertmyselfatall.Ineednotthink,ifonlyIcanpay:otherswillreadilyundertaketheirksomeworkfo
4、rme.Theguardianswhohavesobenevolentlytakenoverthesupervisionofmenhavecarefullyseentoitthatthefargreatestpartofthem(includingtheentirefairsex)regardtakingthesteptomaturityasverydangerous,nottomentiondifficult.Havingfirstmadetheirdomesticlivestockdumb,andhavingcarefullymadesurethatthesedocilecre
5、atureswillnottakeasinglestepwithoutthego-carttowhichtheyareharnessed,theseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerthatthreatensthem,shouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotactuallysogreat,forafterfallingafewtimestheywouldintheendcertainlylearntowalk;butanexampleofthiskindmakesmentimidandusuallyfr
6、ightensthemoutofallfurtherattempts.Thus,itisdifficultforanyindividualmantoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitythathasallbutbecomehisnature.Hehasevenbecomefondofthisstateandforthetimebeingisactuallyincapableofusinghisownunderstanding,fornoonehaseverallowedhimtoattemptit.Rulesandformulas,thosemechanica
7、laidstotherationaluse,orrathermisuse,ofhisnaturalgifts,aretheshacklesofapermanentimmaturity.Whoeverthrewthemoffwouldstillmakeonlyanuncertainleapoverthesmallestditch,sinceheisunaccustomedtothiskindoffreemovement.Consequently,onlyafewhave
