语用学合作原则和礼貌原则.ppt

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1、TheCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrincipleofPragmaticsTheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”AccordingtoGrice,peopleusuallytrytoreachacommongoalbymutualeffortsoratleastmaketheconversationdevelopinthedirectionofthe

2、irexpectationinconversationalexchange.Toachievethis,peopleneedtocooperatewitheachother.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容)Quantity量Quality质Relation相关Manner方式1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Quantity不多说，也

3、不少说Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence..Quality说真话Berelevant.Relation说话要相关，贴切Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4

4、)beorderly.井井有条.MannerInshortSub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)1.A:Wouldyoum

5、indtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。)ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:He’sgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。)ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Mei:Whoansweredthephone?(谁接的电话?)Yu:Awoman.(一

6、个女的。)Mei:What?Whatdidshesay?(嗯?说什么?)Yu:Shesaid,"sorry,youdialtelephonetemporarilyunabletogetthrough."(“对不起，您拨打的电话暂时无法接通……”。)ViolationofQuality(质的违反)Yu:Mum,myhandwasbittenbytheinsect.Mei:Oh,what'sthematter?Wasitbittenbymosquito?Comeon,letmescratchforyou.Yu:Why

7、doesthemosquitoonlybitemeinsteadofLiuXing?Thisisn'tmyhome?Mei:Nonsense!Ofcoursethisisyourhome.Hereareyourdadandmum.DoyouknowwhythemosquitoesonlybiteyouinsteadofLiuXing?Yu:Why?Mei:BecauseyourbloodissweetwhileLiuXing'sisstinking.ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)1.A:Y

8、ouknow?ProfessorLi’swifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isn’tit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:How’shertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(