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1、AnIntroductiontocognitiveLinguistics6.Blending&relevance4.Figure&ground5.Frames&constructions7.Iconicity&lexicalchange&grammaticalizationEdition2Keywords:figure/groundsegregation(Rubin)（图形-背景分离）theprincipleofPragnanz（普雷格郎茨原则）trajector,landmark,path(Langacher)（射体，界
2、标，路径）schemaimage（意象图式）elaboration（细化）4.Figure&groundTheface/vaseillusionShaped2.Moreprominent3.Morelikelytobeidentified&rememberedUnstructured2.Shapeless3.UniformFigureGroundTheprincipleofPragnanz“普雷格郎茨原则”ThePrincipleofPragnanzisaguidingwhichreflectsthewaythatpeop
3、lechoosesomethingasfigure.Anobjectismorelikelytobechosenasfigureifitisasmallormovedobject,orhasgestaltfeatures.Thelinguisticexpressionssuchasprepositionsthatcanbeexplainedintermsoffigureandground,thathascaughttheattentionofcognitivelinguists.eg:1.Theballoonisflyin
4、goverthehouse.2.Thebookisonthetable.3.Theboyclimbedupthewall.4.Shewentoutoftheroom.……※Trajector:Itstandsforthefigureormostprominentelementsinanyrelationalstructure.※Landmark:Itreferstotheotherentityinarelation.※Schemaimagesrepresentcognitiveconfigurationsconsistin
5、gofthreeelementsandtheirinterrelations,namely:atrajector,whichmovesalongapath,andisseenasbeingrelatedtoalandmark.Centralimageschemafor‘out’Elaborations:Elaborationsaresuchvariantswhichonlyspecifycertaincomponentsofaschema,butdonotdivergefromitsgeneralconfiguration
6、.P202Asimpleclausenormallyconsistsofthreekeyelements:asubject,averbelementandacomplement.Linguistically,thewaytomanifestprominenceistoputthepreferredelementsintosubjectposition.Inasimpletransitiveclause,thesubjectcorrespondstothefigure,theobjecttotheground,andthev
7、erbexpressestherelationshipbetweenfigureandground.5.Frames&constructionskeywords:frame(Fillmore,Talmy,Slobin)（框架）scripttheory(R.Schank&R.P.Abelson)（图样理论）construction(A.E.Goldberg)（构式）frameItistobeseenasatypeofcognitivemodelwhichrepresentstheknowledgeandbeliefspert
8、ainingtospecificandfrequentlyrecurringsituations.Forexample,theactioncategoryBUYincludesareferencetoatleastfourothercategories,namelytoaBUYER,aSELLER,GO
