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1、四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题I.ReadingComprehension(30%;onemarkeach)Directions:Readthefollowingsixpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebyChoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneSpeechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.
2、Itseemsasnaturaltomanaswalking,andonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceusthatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insoberfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthela
3、tterfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybroughtintoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalheredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,theveryconformat
4、ionofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobeprimarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,thenormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearntheart,butbecausehisorganismisprepare
5、dfrombirthtotakeonallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalking.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisborninthelapofaso
6、cietythatiscertaintoleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthereiseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustascertainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.Or,again,
7、removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmentintowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyforeignone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhisnewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelyatvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.W
8、alkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatvariesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvar
