刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学课件.ppt

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1、Unit4SyntaxThedefinitionofsyntaxAsubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Specifically,itstudiesthecombinationofwordstoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.句法学简介Ingenerativelinguistics,syntax,phonologyandsemanticsarethemajo

2、rconstituentsofgrammar.Syntaxconsistsofvariousgenerativesyntacticalrules:s-rule，phraseruleandtransformationalrule.Syntacticalconstructioniscomposedofsyntacticclassesandsyntacticcategories.Syntacticalanalysisisbasedonlexicalitemsandsyntacticrelationships.BasicConcept

3、sConstituent组构成分:grammaticalunitsthatentersyntacticallyormorphologicallyintoaconstructionatanylevelimmediateconstituent（IC）直接成分:constituentsdirectlybelowthelevelofaconstructionultimateconstituent(UC)最终成分:lastlevelofconstituentsImmediateConstituentAnalysis(ICAnalysis

4、)---byLeonardBloomfield(1887-1949)Breakingasentencedowntoitsconstituentelementsuntilthesmallestgrammaticalunit,i.e.morphemes,e.g.Poor

5、

6、John

7、ran

8、

9、away.constituentimmediateconstituentsultimateconstituentspoorJohn,ranawaypoor,John,ran,awayAdvantagesofICanalysisIthelpst

10、oaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.e.g.ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson.Itclearlydemonstratesthatsentencesarenotmereleft-to-rightlinearsequencesofelements.Instead,elementscomeintorelationshipsofgreatcomplexityandvaryingkinds.(胡壮麟，P125-

11、126)ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson=（1）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老儿子的女儿=（2）ThedaughterofPharaoh’sson法老女儿的儿子DisadvantagesofICAnalysis1.Itresultsintechnicalproblemsduetodiscontinuousconstituents.E.g.Leave+thebook+ontheshelf.2.Itresultsinambiguityp

12、roblems.E.g.theloveofGod,theshootingofthehunters(胡壮麟，P128)ExerciseWorkinpairstoanswerthequestion:WhataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofICanalysis?BasiccomponentsofasentenceSentenceSubjectPredicateareferringexpressioncomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandsayssomethinga

13、boutthesubjectLexicalitem语项--labelsattachedto“words”.“Lexicalitem”isatermassociatedwithdictionariesorlexicons.Ittakesanabstractviewofwords