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1、复习要点第一章Introductiontoecology生态学概述Whatisecology?Ecologyisthestudyofinteractionsbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment.interaction:actiononeachother;Organism：ananimal,plant,humanoranyotherlivingthings;Environment:Physicalenvironmentandbioticenvironment.Physicalenvironment：Compri
2、singsuchthingsastemperature,wateravailability,windspeed,soilacidity);Physicalenvironmentcanbenaturalorman-made.Mostly,itisamixofthetwo.Questions:Whatisanurbanphysicalenvironment?Naturalorman-made?Whataresomeofthemajorelementsthatcomprisetheurbanphysicalenvironment?Inwhatway
3、sdoestheurbanphysicalenvironmentinfluenceitsresidents?Bioticenvironment：Comprisinganyinfluencesonanorganismthatareexertedbyotherorganisms,includingcompetition,predation,parasitism,andcooperation.Givesomeexamplesoftheaboveinfluencesyouobserveinyoursurroundings.Questions：What
4、aresomeofthebioticelementsyouobserveinacity?Howdotheyinfluencethehumanresidentsinthecity?Areallkindsofenvironmentshuman-controlled?Isthereanynaturalenvironmentinitstruesense?Whatisurbanecology?thestudyofinteractionsbetweenurbanorganismsandtheirenvironment.UrbanorganismsVSna
5、turalorganisms:UrbanenvironmentVSnaturalenvironment:UrbanorganismHumanbeings(Demographicfeatures)Animals(home-keptanimalsandwideanimals)Micro-organism(bacteriaandviruses)Plants(flowers,grasses,trees)13HumanbeingsarethedominantspeciesofurbanorganismsUrbanenvironmentPhysical:
6、Man-madeelements(buildings,streets,infrastructures);Biotic:animalsandplants(homekeptsuchaspetsgardens)andwild(birds,rats,mosquitoes)SizeofyourstudyinecologyIndividualsPopulationsCommunitiesEcosystemsIndividualsAnysinglelivingthing.Studytheresponseofindividualstotheirenviro
7、nment;PopulationsThetotalnumberofanimalsorplantsofonespecies.Studyspecies,populationabundance,andpopulationfluctuations;CommunitiesAmixtureofpopulationsofdifferentspecies.Studytheprocessdeterminingtheircompositionandstructure.EcosystemsComprisethebioticcommunityinconjunctio
8、nwiththeassociatedcomplexofphysicalfactorsthatcharacterizethephysicalenvironment.W
