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1、TheprojectionproblemThereisabasicexpectationthatthepresuppositionofasimplesentencewillcontinuetobetruewhenthatsimplesentencebecomespartofamorecomplexsentence.Thisisoneversionofthegeneralideathatthemeaningofthewholesentenceisacombinationofthemeaningofitsparts.However,themeaningof
2、somepresuppositions(as‘parts’)doesn’tsurvivetobecomethemeaningofsomecomplexsentences(as‘wholes’).Thisisknownastheprojectionproblem.Inexample[12],wearegoingtoseewhathappenstothepresuppositionq(‘Kellywasill’)whichisassumedtobetrueinthesimplestructure[12c.],butwhichdoesnot‘project’
3、intothecomplexstructure[12h.].Inordertofollowthistypeofanalysis,wehavetothinkofasituationinwhichapersonmightsay:‘IimaginedthatKellywasillandnobodyrealizedthatshewasill.’[12]a.NobodyrealizedthatKellywasill.(=p)b.Kellywasill.(=q)c.p>>q(Atthispoint,thespeakeruttering[12a.]presuppos
4、es[12b.].)d.IimaginedthatKellywasill.(=r)e.Kellywasnotill.(=NOTq)f.r>>NOTq(Atthispiont,thespeakeruttering[12d.]presupposes[12e.],theoppositeof[12b.].)g.IimaginedthatKellywasillandnobodyrealizedthatshewasill.(=r&p)h.r&p>>NOTq(Atthispiont,aftercombiningr&p,thepresuppositionqcannol
5、ongerbeassumedtobetrue.)Inanexamplelike[12],thetechnicalanalysismaybestraightforward,butitmaybedifficulttothinkofacontextinwhichsomeonewouldtalklikethat.Perhapsexample[13]willcontextualizebetter.InanepisodeofaTVsoapopera,twocharactershavethedialogin[13].[13]Shirley:It’ssosad.Geo
6、rgeregretsgettingMarypregnant.Jean:Buthedidn’tgetherpregnant.Weknowthatnow.Ifwecombinetwooftheutterancesfrom[13],wehavethesequence,‘GeorgeregretsgettingMarypregnant;buthedidn’tgetherpregnant’.Identifyingthedifferentpropositionsinvolved,asin[14],wecanseethatthepresuppositionqin[1
7、4b.]doesnotsurviveasapresuppositionofthecombinedutterancesin[14e.].[14]a.GeorgeregretsgettingMarypregnant.(=p)b.GeorgegotMarypregnant.(=q)c.p>>qd.Hedidn’tgetherherpregnant.(=r)e.GeorgeregretsgettingMarypregnant,buthedidn’tgetherpregnant.(=p&r)f.p&r>>NOTqOnewaytothinkaboutthewhol
8、esentencepresentedin[14e.]isasanutterancebyaper
