grounding situations in potentiality modality event schemas sentence patterns

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1、Chapter10Groundingsituationsinpotentiality:Modality10.0Overview10.1Modality10.2Modality:Modalexpressions10.3Compellingmodalities10.4Enablingmodalities10.5Interactionofmodalityandnegation10.6Summary10.0OverviewModalityisconcernedwiththespeaker’sassessmentof,ora

2、ttitudetowards,thepotential-ityofastateofaffairs.Modalitythereforerelatestodifferentworlds.Assessmentsofpoten-tiality,asinYoumustberight,relatetotheworldofknowledgeandreasoning.Thistypeofmodalityisknownasepistemicmodality.Modalattitudesapplytotheworldofthingsand

3、socialinteraction.Thistypeofmodalityisknownasrootmodality.Rootmodalitycomprisesthreesubtypes:deonticmodality,intrinsicmodalityanddispositionmodality.Deonticmodalityisconcernedwiththespeaker’sdirectiveattitudetowardsanactiontobecarriedout,asintheobligationYoumu

4、stgonow.Intrinsicmodalityisconcernedwithpotentialitiesarisingfromintrinsicqualitiesofathingorcircumstances,asinThemeetingcanbecancelled,i.e.‘itispossibleforthemeetingtobecancelled’.Dispositionmodalityisconcernedwithathing’sorperson’sintrinsicpotentialofbeingac

5、tualised;inparticularabilities.Thus,whenyouhavetheabilitytoplaytheguitaryouwillpotentiallydoso.No-tionsofmodalityareexpressedbycognitionverbssuchasIthink,modaladverbssuchaspossibly,andmodalverbssuchasmust.Modalverbshaveaspecialstatusamongmodalexpressions:theyg

6、roundasituationinpotentialreality.234CognitiveEnglishGrammar10.1ModalityWheneverwethinkof,ortalkabout,asituation,weassessitwithrespecttoitsstatusofre-ality.InthemodelofevolvingrealitypresentedinFigureIII.1(page172)wedistinguishedbetweendifferenttypesofreality.T

7、hischapterlooksatsituationsthatbelongtopotentialreality,anareathatisknownasmodality.Modalityisconcernedwiththespeaker’sassess-mentof,orattitudetowards,thepotentialityofastateofaffairs.Inthecourseofthischapter,wewilldefinemodalitymorepreciselyanddistinguishdiffere

8、ntkindsofmodality.Thenatureofmodalitymaybebestunderstoodincontrasttosimilar,non-modalnotions.Wewill,therefore,firstconcentrateontwoofthemaintypesofmodality,epistemicanddeonticmodali