grounding situations in time tense grounding situations in potentiality modality

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1、Chapter9Groundingsituationsintime:Tense9.0Overview9.1Timeandtense9.2Presenttime:Presenttenseandothertenses9.3Frompresentanteriortimetopasttimes:Presentperfect,pasttense,andpastperfect9.4Frompresentposteriortimetofuturetimes:Presentprospective,futuretense,andfutureprospective9.5Inter

2、playofpastandfuturetimes:Pastprospectiveandfutureperfect9.6Summary9.0OverviewLikeaspect,timeasexpressedbytenseisamatterofviewing.Tenserelatestothewayasituationislocatedintimefromthespeaker’sviewpoint.Themomentofspeakingservesasdeicticcentreandallowsthespeakertorefertothreetimesphere

3、s:thepresenttimesphere,thepasttimesphereasthetimelyingbehindthespeaker,andthefuturetimesphereasthetimelyingaheadofthespeaker.Thesethreetimespheresarethereforedescribedasdeictictimes.Deictictimesaretypicallyexpressedbythesimpletenses:presenttense,pasttense,andfuturetense.Thespeakerma

4、yalsodevelopnotionsofmorecomplextimesandexpressthemascomplextenses.Inthiscasethespeakeradoptsaviewpointinoneofthedeictictimes.Bytakingabackward-lookingstancefromadeicticviewpointthespeakerviewsanteriortimes,thatis,timeswhichoccurredbeforeadeictictime.Bytakingaforward-lookingstanceth

5、espeakerviewsposteriortimes,thatis,timeswhichfollowadeictictime.InEnglish,anteriortimesareexpressedbyoneoftheperfecttenses(presentperfect,pastperfect,andfutureperfect),asinIhaveseentheQueen;posteriortimesareexpressedbyvariousprospectiveforms,suchasthebegoingto-form,asinIwasgoingtose

6、etheQueen.202CognitiveEnglishGrammar9.1TimeandtenseI’mjustcatchingupwithyesterday.BytomorrowIshouldbereadyfortoday.(Anonymous)9.1.1TimeandmentalspacesNotionsoftimecanbethoughtofandexpressedinabsoluteandinrelativeterms.Anabsolutesystemoftimewouldbethatofcalendardates,asinEntranceexam

7、sbeginonSeptember15,2007.Ineverydaycommunication,however,wenormallyuserelativesys-temsoftime,asinEntranceexamsbeginintwoweeks’time.InourWesternfolkmodeloftimewethinkofunitsoftimeandeventsasbeinglinedupalongahorizontaltimeline,ortimeaxis.Thefixedbaseforanylocationintimeisthehumanobser

8、verengagingincommun