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1、NIHPublicAccessAuthorManuscriptNeurosciBiobehavRev.Authormanuscript;availableinPMC2010July1.NIH-PAAuthorManuscriptPublishedinfinaleditedformas:NIH-PAAuthorManuscriptNIH-PAAuthorManuscriptNeurosciBiobehavRev.2009July;33(7):1080±1088.doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.05.003.ANeuroscienceApproachtoOpt
2、imizingBrainResourcesforHumanPerformanceinExtremeEnvironmentsMartinP.Paulus,MD1,5,EricG.Potterat,PhD4,5,MarcusK.Taylor,PhD2,5,KarlF.VanOrden,PhD2,5,JamesBauman,PhD3,5,NausheenMomen,PhD2,5,GenieleahA.Padilla,BA2,5,andJudithL.Swain,MD1,5,61UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego2NavalHealthResearchCente
3、r,SanDiego,CA92186-51223UnitedStatesOlympicTrainingCenter,ChulaVista,CA4NavalSpecialWarfareCenter,SanDiego,CA5OptiBrainConsortium,SanDiego,CA6SingaporeInstituteforClinicalSciences-A*STARandNationalUniversityofSingaporeAbstractExtremeenvironmentsrequiringoptimalcognitiveandbehavioralperformance
4、occurinawidevarietyofsituationsrangingfromcomplexcombatoperationstoeliteathleticcompetitions.Althoughalargeliteraturecharacterizespsychologicalandotheraspectsofindividualdifferencesinperformancesinextremeenvironments,virtuallynothingisknownabouttheunderlyingneuralbasisforthesedifferences.Thisr
5、eviewsummarizesthecognitive,emotional,andbehavioralconsequencesofexposuretoextremeenvironments,discussespredictorsofperformance,andbuildsacasefortheuseofneuroscienceapproachestoquantifyandunderstandoptimalcognitiveandbehavioralperformance.Extremeenvironmentsaredefinedasanexternalcontextthatexp
6、osesindividualstodemandingpsychologicaland/orphysicalconditions,andwhichmayhaveprofoundeffectsoncognitiveandbehavioralperformance.Examplesofthesetypesofenvironmentsincludecombatsituations,Olympic-levelcompetition,andexpeditionsinextremecold,athighaltitudes,orinspace.Optimalperformanceisdefined
7、asthedegreetowhichindividualsachieveadesiredoutcomewhencompletinggoal-orientedtasks.Itishypothesizedthatindividualvariabilitywithrespecttooptimalperformanceinextremeenvironmentsdependsonawell“contextualized”internalbodystatethatisassoci
