2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试模拟题49（带答案附详解）

《2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试模拟题49（带答案附详解）》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。

2022年考博英语-东北师范大学考试模拟题（带答案附详解）1.单选题Itbeingnotonlypossiblebuteveneasytopredictwhichten-year-oldboysareatgreatestriskofgrowinguptobepersistentoffenders.Whatarewedoingwiththeinformation?JustaboutthelastthingthatweshoulddoistowaituntiltheirtroubleshaveescalatedinadolescenceandthenattackthemwiththeprovisionsofthenewCriminalJusticeBill.Ifthisbillbecomeslaw,magistrateswillhavethepowertoimposeresidentialcareorders.Moreyoungpeoplewillbedrawnintoinstitutionallifewhenalltheevidenceshowsthatthisworsensratherthanimprovestheirprospects.Theintroductionofshortsharpshocksindetentioncenterswillsimplygivemoreyoungpeopleatasteofsomethingelsethedon'tneed;thewholeregimeofdetentioncentersisoneoftougheningdelinquents,andifyouwanttotrainsomeonetobeanti-establishment."Ican'tthinkofabetterwaytodoit,"saysthewriterofthisreport.TheCambridgeInstituteofCriminologycomesupwithfivekeyfactorsthatarelikelytomakefordelinquency:alowincomefamilyalargefamily,parentsdeemedbysocialworkerstobebadatraisingchildren,parentswhothemselveshaveacriminalrecord,andlowintelligenceinthechild.Notsurprising,thefactorstendtooverlap.Ofthe63boysinthesamplewhohadatleastthreeofthemwhentheywereten,halfbecamejuveniledelinquents—comparedwithonlyfifthofthesampleasawhole.Threemorefactorsmakethepredictionmoreaccurate:beingjudgedtroublesomebyteachersattheageoften,havingafatherwithatleasttwocriminalconvictionsandhavinganothermemberofthefamilywithacriminalrecord.Ofthe35menwhohadatleasttwoofthesefactorsintheirbackground,18becamepersistentdelinquentsand8morewereintroublewiththelaw.Amongthosekeyfactors,farandawaythemostimportantwashavingaparentwithacriminalrecord,evenifthathadbeenacquiredinthedistantpast,eventhoughveryfewparentsdidotherthancondemndelinquentbehaviorintheirchildren.Theroleoftheschoolsemergesasextremelyimportant.Themostreliablepredictionofallonthefuturesofboyscamefromteachers'ratingsofhowtroublesometheywereattheageoften.Iftheinformationisthereintheclassroomtheremustbearesponsethatbringsmoreattentiontothosetroublesomechildren:asearchforthingstogivethemcreditforotherthanacademicachievement,arefusaltoallowthemtogoonplayingtruant,andafosteringofambitionandopportunitywhichshouldstartearlyintheirschoolcareers.1.Accordingtotheauthor,delinquencyshouldbetackled（ ）.2.Thenumberofyoungoffenderscouldbereducedbythewayof（ ）.  3.Whatistheoutcomeresultofputtingyoungoffendersintodetentioncenters?4.Ten-year-oldchildrenlikelytobecomeoffendersareusually（ ）.  5.Thewriterconcludesthatpotentialoffenderscouldbehelpedby（ ）. 问题1选项A.beforeadolescenceB.duringinstitutionaltreatmentC.duringadolescenceD.whentheproblembecomesacute问题2选项A.newlegalmeasuresB.betterresidentialcareC.briefperiodsofharshpunishmentD.examinationoftheirbackgrounds问题3选项A.TheybecomemoreviolentB.TheyreceiveusefultrainingC.TheybecomeusedtoinstitutionsD.Theyturnagainstsociety问题4选项A.spoiltchildrenfromsmallfamiliesB.brightchildreninapoorfamilyC.dullchildrenwithmanybrothersandsistersD.childrenwhoseparentshaveacquiredwealthdishonestly 问题5选项A.spendingmoretimeatschoolB.moreencouragementatschoolC.moreactivitiesoutsideschoolD.strictertreatmentfromteachers【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.判断推理题。文章开头提出现在对于不良行为,都只能被动地等待问题出现,并且提出要在儿童时期就加强教育的解决办法。故选A。2.判断推理题。根据第二段可知,作者不建议通过法律制裁、居住处监管以及严厉的惩罚等措施来处理青少年不良行为。在第三段指出了导致不良行为的五个关键因素，接着在第四段从少年犯的家庭和社会背景分析了使预言更为准确的三个因素。故选D。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词puttingyoungoffendersintodetentioncenters定位至第二段,根据第二段信息“trainsomeonetobeanti-establishment(培养反社会情绪)”推测答案为D。4.细节事实题。第三段分析了导致青少年不良行为的五个关键因素:低收入家庭、大家庭、父母被社会工作者认为虐待孩子，父母有犯罪记录，儿童中的低智商者。因此此题选C。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出,学校对于青少年不良行为的问题起着至关重要的作用。具体包括鼓励他们更早树立理想,抓住机会。故选B。 2.单选题（ ）memostwasthattheyoungboywhohadlostbotharmsinanaccidentcouldhandleapenwithhisfeet.问题1选项A.ThatamazedB.ItamazedC.WhichamazedD.Whatamazed【答案】D【解析】句意:令我吃惊的是，这个在车祸中丧失双臂的年轻人能够用脚拿笔。语法题。考查名词性从句。分析题干可知memost这部分在整个句子中作主语，因此这部分是主语从句。常用连接词what引导主语从句,故答案选项为D。3.单选题OneofthefavoritefoodsintheUnitedStatesisthehamburger,akindofflatroundbreadwithfine-cutbeefinbetween.Thefavoriteplacetobuyahamburgerisafastfoodrestaurant.Atfastfoodrestaurants,peopleordertheirfood,waitafewminutestogetitoverthecounter,andcarryittotheirtablesthemselves.Peoplealsotaketheirfoodoutoftherestauranttoeatitintheircarsorintheirhomes.Atsomefastfoodrestaurants,peoplecanordertheirfood,payforitandpickitupwithoutleavingtheircars.TherearemanykindsoffastfoodrestaurantsintheUnitedStates.MostoftherestaurantssellhamburgersorotherpopularfoodsamongAmericans.Inaddition,therearemanyfastfoodrestaurantsthatserveChinesefood,Italianfood,chicken,seafoodandicecream.Theideaofafastfoodrestaurantissopopularthatnearlyeverykindoffoodcanbefoundinone.FastfoodrestaurantsarepopularbecausetheyshowtheAmericanwayoflife.First,theyarenotformalrestaurants.Peoplewearanytypeofdresswhentheygotoafastfood place.Second,theyarefast.Peoplewhoarebusydonotwanttospendtimepreparingtheirfoodorwaitingwhilesomeoneelsepreparesit.Infastfoodrestaurantsthefoodrestaurantisnotexpensive.Therefore,peoplecanofteneatatafastfoodrestaurantwithoutspendingtoomuchmoney,whiletheymaynotbeabletogotomoreexpensiverest1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?2.Fastfoodrestaurantsarepopularbecausethey（ ）.3.Accordingtothewriter,Americanpeople（ ）.  4.Accordingtothepassage,thefavoriterestaurantsintheU.S.are（ ）.  5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe（ ）.问题1选项A.ChinesefoodisalsoservedinsomefastfoodrestaurantsB.PeoplecanhavealmosteverykindoffoodinfastfoodrestaurantsC.FastfoodcanbetakenoutoftherestaurantsD.Fastfoodcanbetakenoutoftherestaurants问题2选项A.aremanyB.arefastC.areexpensiverestaurantsD.serveexpensivefood问题3选项A.arealwaysbusyB.preferordinarytypeofdressC.donotwanttospendtoomuchtimepreparingtheirfood D.gotomoreexpensiverestaurantsveryoften问题4选项A.theChineserestaurantsB.thefastfoodrestaurantsC.moreexpensiverestaurantsD.lessexpensiverestaurants问题5选项A.FastfoodRestaurantsintheU.S.B.TheFavoriteFoodintheU.S.C.TheAmericanWayofLifeD.DifferentKindsofRestaurants【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。文章最后一段指出:mostfoodinafastfoodrestaurantisnotexpensive(快餐店的大多数食物都不贵),因此C项错误。2.细节事实题。第三段指出:FastfoodrestaurantsarepopularbecausetheyshowtheAmericanwayoflife(快餐店很受欢迎，因为它们展现了美国人的生活方式),后面指出了受欢迎的第二点原因,即快餐店很快。因此B正确。3.细节事实题。第三段指出:peoplewhoarebusydonotwanttospendtimepreparingtheirfood...(忙碌的人不想花时间准备食物),因此C正确。4.细节事实题。第三段指出:Fastfoodrestaurantsarepopular…,而且文章都是在讲快餐店很受欢迎。故B项“快餐店”正确。 5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲快餐店的点餐方式,第二段讲美国快餐店种类之多,第三段讲快餐店受欢迎的原因。因此A项“美国的快餐店”正确。4.单选题（ ）thepast,atthemomentitisafavoritechoiceforweddinggown.问题1选项A.UnpopularhasaswhitebeenB.WhitehasbeenasunpopularC.UnpopularhasbeenaswhiteD.Unpopularaswhitehasbeen【答案】D【解析】句意:尽管在过去白色不受欢迎，但是现在它是人们最喜欢的婚纱颜色。语法题。考查让步状语从句。题干后半部分已经是一个完整句子,所以前半部分是由as引导的让步状语从句。as引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装结构，即将句中做表语的形容词提前,故选D。5.单选题Thegrowthofpart-timeandflexibleworkingpatterns,andoftrainingandretrainingschemes,（ ）morewomentotakeadvantageofemploymentopportunities.问题1选项A.haveallowed B.allowC.allowingD.allows【答案】D【解析】句意:兼职及弹性工作方式加上培训与再培训方案推广，使得更多的妇女能够利用就业机会。语法题。考查主谓一致。主语是不可数名词growth,故谓语用单数形式，故选D。6.单选题KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdon’tabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeantheunitingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchywhenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwas.FollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularityasheadsofstates.Andso;theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdomsnotcountingVaticancityandAndorra.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectablepublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside,symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory―andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday―embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThornesPikettyandotherecumenistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticfamiliesandshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princeandprincesshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtostriveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchyreputationwithherratherordinary (ifwell-healed)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskingsofrepublicanswhoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,KingJuanCarlofSpain（ ）.2.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly（ ）.  3.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?4.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles（ ）.  5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?问题1选项A.usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupportB.wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalsC.endedhisreigninembarrassmentD.easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals问题2选项A.owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatusB.toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealityC.togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookuptoD.duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment问题3选项A.Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealthB.ThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesC.Theroleofthenobilityinmodemdemocracies D.Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges问题4选项A.takesatoughlineonpoliticalissuesB.failstochangehislifestyleasadvisedC.takesrepublicansashispotentialalliesD.failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole问题5选项A.Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedB.Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsC.Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsD.Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出:ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown(然而在近来欧洲选举中所留下的令人尴尬的丑闻和共和党人的声望却迫使他食言而退位)。由此可知C项“尴尬地结束自己的统治”正确。2.判断推理题。第三段指出:Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuingpopularityasheadsofstates(这种明显的政治超越解释了君主们作为国家元首的持续受欢迎)。...mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectablepublic figure.……(大多数皇室幸存的原因是他们让选民避免困难地去寻找没有争议但却可敬重的公众人物)。由此可知A项“由于他们无疑问且可敬重的地位”正确。3.细节事实题。第四段指出:...itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticfamiliesandshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmodemdemocraticstates(奇怪的是富有的贵族家鹿应该仍然是现代民主家庭和国家的象征性核心),由此可知C项“贵族在现代民主政治中的角色”正确。4.推理判断题。最后一段指出:ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld(危险将从查尔斯（王子）开始，他有一种奢华的生活品味，且对世界有着相当等级制度的观点)。可推知B项“未能按照建议来改变自己的生活方式”正确。 5.主旨大意题。文章第二段指出:.事实上当公众舆论特别两极分化时，西班牙国王退位的例子为支持和反对君主政治提供了论据。而且后续段落围绕“欧洲君主们应对君主政体所面临的危机而采取的方式”可推知B项“对所有欧洲君主们而言是一个教训的西班牙国王胡安•卡洛斯”比较适合作文章标题。7.单选题 She（ ）fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherattheconference.问题1选项A.mustbeB.hadbeenC.couldbeD.musthavebeen【答案】D【解析】句意:我第一次在会议上遇见她吋，她可能50岁左右。语法题。“musthavebeen”表示对过去事实的肯定推测。由句中关键词“fiftyorso50岁左右”与“whenIfirstmetherattheconference”可知这里表示对己发生的过去情况的一种推测，故选D。 8.单选题Themanagerissomuchundertheinfluenceofhissecretarythatsheisthe（ ）headofthedepartment.问题1选项A.potentialB.virtualC.probableD.natural【答案】B【解析】句意:老板受到了他秘书的极大影响以至于她是实质上的老板了。形容词辨析。Potential有潜力的;virtual实质上的;probable可能的;natural自然的。因此B符合句意。9.翻译题PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Inindustrializedcountries,machinesaccomplishtheverytiringphysicalworkthatunskilledlaborersusedtodoinbothmanufacturingandagriculture.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarblebutstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesuffering,thatthereisnochanceofacure,andthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Engineersworkingonotheradvancesaredesigningandexperimentingwithnewtypesofmetalhandsandfingers,givingrobotsasenseoftouch.Electricpowerwastooimportanttohumanbeings.Shuttingitoffforevenashorttime wouldhavelettocompleteconfusion.Successfulparentingbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheybelong,andarelovedfornootherreasonthanjustbecausetheyexist.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardthemselvesandothers.Evidenceofthemoderationofthemajorpartiesisthatmuchbusinessisconductedacrosspartylines.Ithasbeenfoundthatday-dreamingimprovesaperson’sabilitytobebetteradaptedtopractical,immediateconcerns,tosolveeverydayproblems,andtocomeupmorereadilywithnewideas.【答案】在工业化国家，机器完成相当繁重的体力活，即非技术工人曾经在制造业和农业所做的工作。设想一下地球缩小到玻璃弹子的大小，但仍然有同样的质量和重力，你就能对黑洞的力量有所了解了。重要的是，在对与我们不同的人以及他们所过的生活有足够的了解之前，我们应当避免先入为主。准则规定，当病人承受着极大的痛苦，没有治愈的可能，并且再三要求的情况下才能服用安乐死。力争在其他方而有所突破的工程技术人员正在设计和试验新型金属手臂和手指，使机器人具有触觉。电力对人类非常重要。短时间的电源切断都可能导致整体混乱。成功的育儿之道源于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们被宠爱,不因为别的，只因为他们自身的存在。由于没有健康的自尊心，他们在处理问题时，不是提出问题，而是用行动把问题表现出来，或是退缩以及采取对自己和他人保持冷漠的态度。主要政党采取温和的政策,证据是许多事务都是超越党派界限进行的。研究发现，做白日梦能提高一个人的能力，使其能更好地适应实践性和紧急性的事务，来解决日常问题，并且能更快想出新的办法。10.单选题TheyhaveleftNewYork（ ）good;they’llnevergobackandlivethereagain. 问题1选项A.byB.atC.forD.in【答案】C【解析】句意:他们永远离开了纽约，再也不回去住了。固定搭配。Forgood永远。11.单选题 Thediversityoftropicalplantsintheregionrepresentsaseemingly（ ）sourceofrawmaterials,ofwhichonlyafewhavebeenutilized.问题1选项A.inexhaustibleB.exploitedC.remarkableD.controversial【答案】A【解析】句意:该地区多种多样的热带植物说明这里有取之不尽的原材料，而只有少量被利用。形容词辨析。Inexhaustible无穷无尽的;exploited被开发的;remarkable异常的，非凡的;controversial有争议的。故A符合句意。 12.单选题TheAmericansocietyis（ ）anexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.问题1选项A.establishedonB.affiliatedtoC.originatedfromD.incorporatedwith【答案】A【解析】句意:美国社会是建立在自然资源的不稳定的基础上的，这与环境恶化的可能性相关联。短语辨析。Beestablishedon以…为基础;beaffiliatedto隶属于;beoriginatedfrom起源于，创始于;beincorporatedwith结合。根据题干中的foundation(基础)判断A符合句意。13.单选题Youshouldhavebeenmorepatient（ ）thatcustomer;I’msurethatsellinghimthewatchwasapossibility.问题1选项A.ofB.with C.forD.at【答案】B【解析】句意:你应该要对那位顾客更加耐心一些的，我相信他最终一定会买那块表。固定搭配。bepatientwith对…有耐心。14.翻译题Haveyouheardofthenews?NosoonerhadhearrivedinRomethanhewaskidnapped!Smithfailedtoaccountforthedecreaseinthecompany’sannualprofits.Noonecouldcomeupwithaneasysolutiontothelaborshortagewhichiscausedbythewars.Althoughtheendofthetermwascloseathand,Tomhadnotcompletedallofftheprojectshehadhopedtofinish.Idon’tthinkitissensibleofyoutoshowoffyourgreaterknowledgeinfrontofthechairman,foritmaywelloffendhim.Itdoesn’tmakesensetobuythatexpensivecoatwhenthesecheaperonesarejustasgood.Theflood-strickenareaisliabletoplagues,soitmakessensetostrengthentheepidemicpreventionthereforthesakeofhealth.Thegovernmenthadtocometotermswiththetradeunionforfearthatthesituationmightbebeyondcontrol.Thescientificandtechnologicalprogressisattributedtotheeffortsofthescientists,engineersandothertechnicalworkerswhohavemadeadifference.Heshouldhavetoldthetruth.Butonsecondthought,heresolvedtokeepthesecret.【答案】你听说了吗？他一到罗马就被绑架了。斯密斯没能解释公司年利润下降的原因。没人能提出一个合适的方案来解决由这场战争导致的劳工短缺问题。尽管就要学期末了，但是汤姆还没有完成所有他想完成的项目。我觉得你在校长面前炫耀自己丰富的知识是不明智的，因为这可能会冒犯他。 当便宜的大衣跟贵的一样好的时候，那还买贵的就没意义了。遭受洪灾的地区容易发生瘟疫，所以为了健康而加强流行病防疫是有意义的。政府不得不与工会达成协议，唯恐局面失控。科技进步归功于科学家、工程师和其他技术工作者做出的努力。他本应该说出真相的。但进一步考虑后，他决定保守秘密。15.单选题 Theboxer（ ）andalmostfellwhenhisopponenthithim.问题1选项A.staggeredB.shatteredC.scatteredD.stamped【答案】A【解析】句意:当被对手打中的时候，拳击手摇摇晃晃，差点摔倒了。动词辨析。stagger摇摇晃晃地走,蹒跚;shatter（使）破碎，碎裂;scatter散开，驱散;stamp跺(脚),重踩。故A符合句意。16.单选题Thatthedriver（ ）inordertoavoidanaccidentcouldbeprovenbyexaminingthemarksonthepavement.问题1选项A.swerved B.acceleratedC.dissolvedD.withdrew【答案】A【解析】句意:那个司机突然转向是为了避免意外发生，这可以通过检查路面印记予以证实。动词辨析。Swerve突然转向;accelerate加速，促进;dissolve溶解，解散;withdraw撤退，离开。故A符合句意。17.单选题PitythosewhoaspiretoputtheinitialsPhDaftertheirnames.After16yearsofcloselysupervisededucation,prospectivedoctorsofphilosophyareleftmoreorlessalonetowritetheequivalentofalargebook.Mostsocial-sciencepostgraduateshavestillnotcompletedtheirthesesbythetimetheirgrantrunsoutafterthreeyears.Theymustthengetajobandfinishintheirsparetime,whichcanoftentakeafurtherthreeyears.Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubject,whichhasblightedtheirholidaysandminedtheirevenings.TheEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil,whichgivesgrantstopostgraduatesocialscientists,wantstogetbettervalueformoneybycuttingshortthisagony.Itwouldliketoseefastercompletionrates:untilrecently,onlyabout25%ofPhDcandidateswerefinishingwithinfouryears.TheESRC’sresponsehasbeentostopPhDgrantstoallinstitutionswheretheproportiontakinglessthanfouryearsisbelow10%;inthefirstyearofthispolicythenationalaverageshotupto39%.TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics-includingOxfordUniversity,theLondonSchoolofEconomicsandtheLondonBusinessSchool.Predictably,howlsofprotesthavecomefromtheuniversities,whoviewtheblacklistingofwholeinstitutionsasarbitraryandnegative.Theypointoutthatmanyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.Thecollegessaythereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims.Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirst pieceofseriousresearch.Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies.TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime.Themostitcandoistotrytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirways.Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyle,ofthesis,too.1.Bythetimenewdoctorsgetajobandtrytofinishtheirthesesinsparetime（ ）.2.OxfordUniversitywouldbeexcludedoutofthoseuniversitiesthatreceivePhDgrantsfromESRC,becausethecompletionrateofitsPhDstudents’theseswithinfouryearsislowerthan（ ）.  3.AllthefollowingstatementsaretheargumentsagainstESRC’spolicyexcept（ ）.  4.TheESRCwouldprefer（ ）.  5.WhattheESRCcandoisto（ ）.问题1选项A.mostofthemdiedofsomesicknessB.theirholidaysandeveningshavebeenruinedbytheirjobs.C.mostofthemarecompletelytiredofthenarrowlydefinedsubjectD.mostoftheirgrantsrunout.问题2选项A.25%B.40%C.39%D.10%问题3选项 A.alltheinstitutionsontheblacklistarearbitraryandnegative.B.thereisnohardevidencetoprovethatfastercompletionratesresultfromgreaterefficiencyratherthanlowerstandardsorlessambitiousdoctoraltopics.C.manyofthebeststudentsgoquicklyintojobswheretheycanapplytheirresearchskills,butconsequentlytakelongertofinishtheirtheses.D.somepolytechnicsarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance.问题4选项A.thatthestudentswerecarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudiesratherthanbeingtrainedasresearchers.B.toseehigherstandardsofPhDstudents’thesesandmoreambitiousdoctoraltopics.C.moresystematicteachingofresearchskillstofewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedoninexperiencedyoungPhDstudents.D.thatPhDstudentswerelessmodestintheiraims.问题5选项A.forcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtimeB.trytopersuadeuniversitiestochangetheirwaysC.dictatethestandardofthesisreacquiredbyexternalexaminersD.notethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandlesselaboratestyleofthesis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词newdoctors定位至第一段:Bythen,mostnewdoctorsaresicktodeathofthenarrowlydefinedsubject,which hasblightedtheirholidaysandminedtheirevenings(到那吋候，新一批将要毕业的博士生就会对狭隘的论文主题感到极其厌倦，并且这样的论文会毁掉他们的假期，占据他们的夜晚)。因此C项“他们中的大部分都彻底厌倦了狭隘的论文主题”正确。2.细节事实题。据题干关键词OxfordUniversity定位至第二段:TheESRCfeelsvindicatedinitstoughness,andwillprogressivelyraisethethresholdto40%intwoyears.Unlesscompletionratesimprovefurther,thiswouldexclude55outof73universitiesandpolytechnics—includingOxfordUniversity...(经济与社会研究委员会觉得自己的坚持被证明是正确的，于是准备在接下来的两年内将毕业率门槛提升至40%,如果不提升毕业率，那么73所大学和专科学院中有55所院校将不能获得补贴，其中包括牛津大学……)。由此可知如果牛津大学博士生的毕业率低于40%的话，将得不到补贴。故选B。3.判断推理题。四个选项都能在第三段中找到原话,但是PolytechnicswithasfewastwoPhDcandidatescomplainthattheyarepenalizedbyrandomfluctuationsinstudentperformance(只有两个在读博士生的科技专科院校抱怨说学生成绩的不稳定性让他们很被动)这部分不针对ESRC政策。故选D。4.细节事实题。第四段指出:Itwouldprefertoseemoresystematicteachingofresearchskillsandfewerunrealisticexpectationsplacedonyoungmenandwomenwhoareundertakingtheirfirstpieceofseriousresearch(更愿意看到对参与第一项严肃研究的青年男女进行更系统的研究技能教学，减少不切实际的期望),因此C项“更系统地教授研究技能，减少对缺乏经验的年轻博士生的不切实际的期望”正确。根据第四段中的Soinfutureitsgrantswillbegivenonlywhereitisconvincedthatstudentsarebeingtrainedasresearchers,ratherthancarryingoutpurelyknowledge-basedstudies(因此，在未来，只有在确定学生接受研究人员培训，而不是进行纯粹的基于知识的研究时，才会发放助学金)可知选项A意思表示刚好与原文相反；根据文章第四段中的TheESRCthinksitmightnotbeabadthingifPhDstudentsweremoremodestintheiraims(ESRC认为，如果博士生在目标上更加谦虚，这可能不是一件坏事。)可知选项D与原文意思相反，并且根据原文关键词modestintheiraims可知选项B也与原文意思相反。5.细节事实题。文章最后一段指出:TheESRCcannotdictatethestandardofthesisrequiredbyexternalexaminers,orforcedepartmentstogivegraduatesmoreteachingtime(ESRC不能规定外部考官要求的论文标准，也不能强迫各部门给毕业生更多的教学时间)，故A和C错误。根据Themostitcandoistotrytopersuade universitiestochangetheirways(它最能做到的就是试图说服大学改变他们的方式)可知选项B正确；而根据最后一句话Recalcitrantprofessorsshouldnotethatstudentswantmoreresearchtrainingandalesselaboratestyle,ofthesis,too(固执的教授应该意识到学生们也需要更多的研究培训和不那么复杂的论文风格)可知选项D是Recalcitrantprofessors“固执的教授”应该做的而不是ESRC，所以选项D也不对，故答案选项为B。18.单选题 Itwasshamefulthattheargument（ ）ahandfight..问题1选项A.endedinB.cametoC.endedupD.culminatedin【答案】D【解析】句意:争论以大打出手而告终真是可耻。短语辨析。endin以…告终;cometo苏醒，发生;endup最后成了……;culminatein以……告终,但强调以高潮结朿.由题干关键信息大打出手判断D最符合。19.单选题Onceitwaspossibletodefinemaleandfemaleroleseasilybythedivisionoflabor.Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheir roles.Butbythemiddleofthiscentury,men’sandwomen’sroleswerebecominglessfirmlyfixed.Inthe1950s,economicandsocialsuccesswasthegoalofthetypicalAmerican.Butinthe1960sanewforcedevelopedcalledthecounterculture.Thepeopleinvolvedinthismovementdidnotvaluethemiddle-classAmericangoals.Thecounterculturepresentedmenandwomenwithnewrolechoices.Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes.Inaddition,manyAmericansdidnotvaluethetraditionalmaleroleofsoldier.SomeyoungmenrefusedtobedraftedassoldierstofightinthewarinVietnam.Intermsofnumbers,thecounterculturewasnotaverylargegroupofpeople.ButitsinfluencespreadtomanypartsofAmericansociety.Workingmenofallclassesbegantochangetheireconomicandsocialpatterns.Industrialworkersandbusinessexecutivesalikecutdownon“overtime”worksothattheycouldspendmoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies.Somedoctors,lawyers,andteachersturnedawayfromhighpayingsituationstopracticetheirprofessionsinpoorerneighborhoods.Inthe1970s,thefeministmovement,orwomen’sliberation,producedadditionaleconomicandsocialchanges.Womenofallagesandatalllevelsofsocietywereenteringtheworkforceingreaternumbers.Mostofthemstilltooktraditionalwomen’sjobsaspublicschoolteaching,nursing,andsecretarialwork.Butsomewomenbegantoentertraditionallymaleoccupations:policework,banking,dentistry,andconstructionwork.Womenwereaskingforequalwork,andequalopportunitiesforpromotion.Todaytheexpertsgenerallyagreethatimportantchangesaretakingplaceintherolesofmenandwomen.Naturally,therearedifficultiesinadjustingtothesetransformations.1.WhichofthefollowingbestexpressthemainideaofParagraph1?2.WhichsentencebestexpressesthemainideaofParagraph2?3.Inthepassagetheauthorproposesthatthecounterculture（ ）.4.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethat（ ）.  5.Thebesttitleforthepassagemaybe（ ）.问题1选项A.Womenusuallyworkedoutsidethehomeforwages.B.Menandwomen’sroleswereeasilyexchangedinthepast.C.Men’srolesathomeweremorefirmlyfixedthanwomen’s.D.Menandwomen’sroleswereusuallyquiteseparatedinthepast. 问题2选项A.Thefirstsentence.B.Thesecondandthethirdsentences.C.Thefourthsentence.D.Thelastsentence.问题3选项A.destroyedtheUnitedStatesB.transformedsomeAmericanvaluesC.wasnotimportantintheUnitedStatesD.broughtpeoplemoreleisuretimewiththeirfamilies问题4选项A.menandwomenwillneversharethesamegoalsB.somemenwillbewillingtoexchangetheirtraditionalmalerolesC.mostmenwillbehappytosharesomeofthehouseholdresponsibilitieswiththeirwivesD.moreAmericanhouseholdsareheadedbywomenthaneverbefore问题5选项A.ResultsofFeministMovements'B.NewinfluenceinAmericanLifeC.CountercultureandItsconsequenceD.TraditionalDivisionofMaleandFemaleRoles 【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段指出:Menworkedoutsidethehomeandearnedtheincometosupporttheirfamilies,whilewomencookedthemealsandtookcareofthehomeandthechildren.Theseroleswerefirmlyfixedformostpeople,andtherewasnotmuchopportunityforwomentoexchangetheirroles(曾经由社会分工来定义男女性别角色。男性在外工作，赚钱养家，女性则在家做饭，照顾孩子。这些角色相对固定，并且不容易转变)。因此D(过去男女角色通常是完全分开的)能概括第一段大意。2.主旨大意题。第二段介绍反主流文化转变了男性和女性的传统社会分工定位,故选C(反主流文化为男性和女性提供新的角色选择)。3.判断推理题。第二段第三段主要讲了反主流文化的价值观以及带给美国社会的改变,故选B(转变了一些美国人的价值观)。4.判断推理题。第二段指出:Takingmoreinterestinchildcare,menbegantosharechild-raisingtaskswiththeirwives.Infact,someyoungmenandwomenmovedtocommunalhomesorfarmswheretheeconomicandchildcareresponsibilitiesweresharedequallybybothsexes(因为对抚育孩子有了更大的兴趣，所以男性开始和妻子共同承担抚养孩子的任务。实际上，一些年轻的男性和女性搬去了公共房屋或者农场，在那儿双方共同承担经济贵任和孩子抚养贵任),故选C(大部分男性很愿意和妻子分担—些家庭责任)。5.主旨大意题。A:女权运动结果;B:美国生活的新影响;C:反主流文化及其影响;D:女性和男性角色的传统划分。结合文章内容可知B项最适合做文章标题。20.单选题“Youmustalwaysobeyyourleaders.’’Oh,Imust,（ ） 问题1选项A.mustn’tIB.mustIC.shouldn’tID.shouldI【答案】B【解析】句意:“你必须服从领导”。“噢，难道必须吗？”语法题。考查反义疑问句。反问用法(情态动词+主语)表示对说话对象的质疑,反对,惊讶或反驳。