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c语言与c++的区别（ThedifferencebetweenClanguageandc++）"C/C++"means"C"or"C++",whichreferstoaseriesoflanguagesTherelationshipbetweenCandC++:Assaidupstairs,itistherelationshipbetweenWin98andwinXP.C++addednewtheoriesandplayednewtricksonthebasisofC.Soit'scalledCgaga.ThedifferencebetweenCandC++:CisastructuredlanguagethatfocusesonAlgorithmsanddatastructures.ThedesignofaCprogramisprimarilyconcernedwithhowtoprocess(orcontrol)theprocessofinput(orenvironment)throughaprocess.C++,theprimaryconsiderationishowtoconstructanobjectmodel,sothismodelcanfitwiththecorrespondingproblemdomain,sowecangettheobjectstateinformationoutputorprocess(transaction)control.SothebiggestdifferencebetweenCandC++isthattheirideasforsolvingproblemsaredifferent.ThereasonwhyC++ismoreadvancedthanCisthattheconceptofdesignhasbeenintegratedintoC++".Somemorequotes:What'sthedifferencebetweenC++andC?Let'sanalyzeitstepbystep Class,class,forbeginners,itisadrag.Classencapsulationmakesbeginnerstiredofprograms,uncomfortableandtroublesome.Two,reference,thereferenceisC++thebestasfaraspossiblenottouseit,unlesscannotbut.Referencesaremoreconfusingforbeginners,anddonotknowwhichreferenceisandwhichisthevariable.Three,functionoverloading,functionoverloadingbeginnerslearnwhatdidnotseembad,butthiswillenablebeginnerstosubconsciouslytotheimportanceoftheClanguagevariabletypesofdesalination,rememberthatCisthelanguageofthemostsensitivevariabletype,thetypeofthevariableimportanceinClanguageisself-evident.Four,theflowoperator,thesameasabove,makestheimportanceofvariabletypesfadeandsometimesleadstopuzzlingresultsforbeginners.Five,operatoroverloading,typicaladvancedapplications,beginnersmaynotneedit,thisstuffwillmakethemthinkC++isdifficult,highthreshold,cannotread.Six,inheritance,aswellasvirtualfunctions,seemabstruse,practical,verylowvalue.Ihaven'tcommentedonanythingelse,suchasnew,deleteoperators,etc.Seven,misunderstanding:inquestionandanswerform: Q:C++isobject-oriented,andCisproceduraloriented?Answer:secondpairs,thefirstquestionanderror,C++isnotcompletelyobject-oriented,andtherealobject-orientedlanguage,I'mafraidonlyJavaisconsidered.Q:canC++performfunctionsthatCcannotdo?Answer:atleastIhaven'tfoundityetQ:didyouhaveanyobstaclestolearningCandlearningC++?Forexample,programmingideasAnswer:atleastIhaven'tseenanyonewiththissymptom.Q:didyoulearnCandlearnC++andstartalloveragain?Answer:No,C++canachieveallthefunctionsofClanguage.Q:IfinishedtheC.MustIlearnC++beforeIcanprogramit?Answer:absolutelyunnecessary.Q:whereisC++betterthanC?Answer:moreinlinewithsoftwareengineeringQ:isiteasytofinishCandlearnC++?Answer:thatdependsonwhetheryoureallylearnedtheClanguage. IhopeyouknowsomethingabouttheconceptofC/C++.C++isaprogramminglanguageVCreferstoMicrosoft,visual,C++isanintegratedopentoolfordevelopingc++programsCisaprogramminglanguage,c++programminglanguage,c++isasupersetoftheClanguage,C++iscompatiblewithC,buttheinternallanguagerealizationoftwodifferent.C++greatmanynewcharacteristicsof.VC++integratedenvironmentofMicrosoft'ssoftwaredevelopment.InsidethemainapplicationoftheC++language,butVC++alsohassomeownsomethingunique.Asmentionedabove,VCandvc++arethesamething.TheyallrefertoMicrosoft'svisualc++.VCisthedevelopmentofC,Cisaprocedurallanguage,andVCisobject-oriented.C#isanotherlanguageofMicrosoft,MicrosoftdesignedtoriditselfoftheClanguageframeworkandanumberofdeficienciesinadditiontothefullyobject-orientedlanguagedesigned.Inasense,VCisasemi-procedural,semi-procedurallanguagebetweenCandc#.Now,inMicrosoft's.Netplatform,languageisnolongerthelimit.Inasense,Javaisacrossplatformlanguageand.Netisacrosslanguageplatform. TherearetwoprogramminglanguagesThedevelopmentprocessofClanguageTheClanguagewasfirstpublishedintheearly70s.In1978,theAttCorporation(AT&T)BaerlaboratoryofficiallypublishedtheClanguage.Atthesametime,B.W.KernighanandD.M.Ritchitcoauthoredthefamousbook"THECPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE".Oftenreferredtoas"K&R",somepeoplecallit"K&R"standard.However,inK&R,thereisnodefinitionofacompletestandardClanguage,whichwaslaterdevelopedbytheNationalInstituteofstandardsonthebasisofaClanguagestandard,publishedin1983.CommonlyreferredtoasANSIC.ThemostexcellentprogramminglanguageofthetimesTheearlyClanguagewasmainlyusedforUNIXsystems.BecauseofitspowerfulfunctionofClanguageandvariousaspectsisgraduallyrecognized,in80s,Cbegantoentertheotheroperatingsystem,andsooninthevarioustypesoflarge,mediumandsmallandmicrocomputershavebeenwidelyused.Becomeoneofthemostoutstandingprogramminglanguagesinthecontemporaryera.FeaturesofClanguageTheClanguageisastructuredlanguage.Itisclearinlevel,easytoorganizetheprograminamodularway,easytodebugandmaintain.TheabilitytoexpressandhandleClanguageisverystrong.Itnotonlyhasrichoperatorsanddatatypes,butalsofacilitatestherealizationofvariouscomplexdata structures.Italsoallowsdirectaccesstothephysicaladdressofmemoryandperformsbit(bit)leveloperations.SincetheClanguageimplementstheprogrammingofhardware,theClanguagecombinesthefunctionsofhigh-levellanguageandlow-levellanguage.Itcanbeusedforthedevelopmentofsystemsoftware,andalsoforthedevelopmentofapplicationsoftware.Inaddition,Clanguagehasthecharacteristicsofhighefficiency,portabilityandsoon.Asaresult,ithasbeenwidelyportedtovarioustypesofcomputers,thusformingmanyversionsoftheClanguage.ClanguageversionAtpresent,themostpopularClanguagehasthefollowing:MicrosoftC,orMSCBorlandTurboCorTurboC?AT&TCTheseClanguageversionsnotonlyrealizedtheANSICstandard,butalsomadesomeextensionsonthisbasistomakeitmoreconvenientandperfect.ObjectorientedprogramminglanguageOnthebasisofC,In1983,theBjarneStrou-strupwasintroducedbyBaerlaboratoriesatC++.C++hasfurtherexpandedandperfectedthe Clanguageandhasbecomeanobjectorientedprogramminglanguage.ThelatestversionsofC++arecurrentlyBorland,C++4.5,Symantec,C++6.1,andMicrosoftVisualC++2.C++putforwardsomemorein-depthconcept,itsupportstheconceptofobjectorientedtomappingproblemspacedirectlytothespaceprogram,providesastructuredprogramdesignandthetraditionalwayofthinkinganddifferentprogrammingmethodsforprogrammers.Asaresult,itincreasesthecomplexityofthewholelanguageandmakesitdifficulttomasterit.C++andCHowever,CisthefoundationofC++,andtheC++languageandtheClanguagearecompatibleinmanyways.Therefore,masteringtheClanguage,andfurtherlearningC++,youcanlearntheobject-orientedlanguageinafamiliargrammar,soastoachievethegoaloftwicetheeffortwithhalftheeffort.ThebiggestdifferencebetweenCandC++isthattheirideasforsolvingproblemsaredifferent.ThereasonwhyC++ismoreadvancedthanCisbecause"theconceptofdesignhasbeenintegratedintoC++",andintermsoflanguageitself,theconceptofalgorithmismoreinC.So,isn'tCimportant,wrong?!Algorithmisthebasisofprogramming,gooddesign,ifthereisnogoodalgorithm,thesamecannot.Moreover,"Cplusgooddesign"canalsowriteverygoodthings.Tothelanguageitself,CisasubsetofC++,sowhatisasubsetofit?Asyoucansee,CC++realizationofprocesscontrolandotherrelatedfunctions,andintheC++C(whichIcalled"C+"),comparedtotheoriginalChasbeenstrengthened,theheavyload, inlinefunctions,exceptionhandlingandsoonthings,C++hasdevelopedtheobject-orienteddesignthecontents,suchasclasses,inheritance,virtualfunctions,templatesandcontainerandsoon.Alittlebitmore,inC++,thedatapackage,thesetypesofthingsisnotwhathappens,youneedtoconsideristheproblemsuchas:usingobjectgranularityselection,objectinterfacedesignandcombinationofinheritance,andinheritanceandsoon.So,comparedtoC,C++containsaricherconceptof"design",butCisaselfconsistentsubsetofC++,anditalsohaspowerfulfunctions,anditisalsoworthlearningAfewsuggestionsforstudy?:1.basicconceptsareimportant.RegardlessoflearningC,orlearningC++,thebasicconceptsarethefirst,butalsomoredifficult,butonlybygraspingthebasicconcepts,inordertograsptheoverallcontext,inordertocondescending.2.CisasubsetofC++,itsbasicconceptsanddesignmethodsarerelativelyeasytounderstand,beginnerscanstartwithit.3.ifyouwanttolearnC++,itisrecommendedforbeginnerstodothebestinVC,theBCBplatformwrittenprocedures,theautomaticcodegeneration,brightlycolouredinterface,willmakeyouhelpless.You'dbetterfindanDOS(Unix)first,startfromscratch,writeafewbigprograms,afewrounds,andthengotoVC,BCBtosee,youwillbeveryrelaxed.Inmyopinion,learningC/C++istheonlywaytobecomeamasterofVCandBCB. 4.,donotexpectrapidcrash,youmusthaveabyte,abittodig,trytoclearupeveryproblem.FiveSeveralgoodbooks:MachineryIndustryPressthat"computersciencebooks"fromCtoC++,theobject-orienteddesign,TMDisaclassicintheGoodsareavailableinallvarieties.,bothclassicandfairprices,fairtrade.Therearealsoseveralgoodbooksinourcountry.ThebookofMr.Tanisagoodone,buttherearetoomanymistakesintheprogram.Inmodernsoftwareengineering,stronglyrecommendedthe"QinghuaZhouZhiying(,),itistherarebookIcansee,theessenceoftheessence,thekeypointsindetail,atleastitisEighteenStagestoSubdueaDragongradestuff.Thesitehttp://www.7351.cn/Soft/shipxiazai/200507/392.htmlprovidesuswithavideotutorialforC/C++.Networkhttp://www.yzcc.com/yzcc/cyycjj/providesuswithanelectronicversionoftheC/C++tutorial.HowtoimprovetheprogrammingabilityofClanguage:LearningClanguage,TanHaoqiang's"Cprogramdesign"isaverygoodClanguagebooks,learningprogrammingisaverylongprocess,don'tworry,abookreadtwotimesthreetimes,learntocrosslearning,intheprocessoflearningC,youcanseethedatastructure,compilingprincipleoperatingsystem,such asbooks,itishelpfultoplaninChengdu.Atthebeginningoflearning,firstdonotmakeupsomelargerprograms,moresmallprograms,suchasarrayoperations,charactercombinations,etc.,pointeristheessenceofClanguage,isamorecomplexpart.Seeyoursituation,compiledalearningsystem,theabilitytocontrolthelanguageisstillverygood,Ibelieveyou,youcanlearnagoodClanguage.C++learningmethodsorsuggestionsC++isanextensionoftheClanguage,learningdifficultyisrelativelylarge,iscurrentlythemostdifficulttolearnaforeignlanguage,comparedwithC,addssomenewfeatures,objects,inheritance,polymorphism,templates,STL(StandardTemplateLibrary),needtofullygraspthefouryearsofthelanguage,C++learningclassics:1.learnC++asanewlanguage.2.see"ThinkingInC++","C++"don'tlookintodeath;3.lookat"TheC++ProgrammingLanguage"and"InsideTheC++ObjectModel",notbecausetheyaredifficult,andwearebeginners,sodonotsee;4.don'tbefooledbywordssuchasVC,BCB,BC,MC,TC-they'reallintegrateddevelopmentenvironments,andwe'relearningalanguage; 5.don'tletgoofanyseeminglysimplelittleprogrammingproblem-theyareoftennotthatsimple,ortheycanstretchoutalotofknowledge;6.willuseVisualC++,doesnotmeanthatyouwillC++;7.,class,STL,templateisnotdifficult,butalsosodifficulttogenericprogramming--isthelong-standingpracticeandsparenoefforttobelearnedinbooks;8.ifnotgenius,wanttolearnprogrammingjustdon'twanttoplaythegame,youthinkyoudo,infact,abilitylevelofyourC++doesnotandyoutogethertogethighclearance--itcankeepinmindforthegameoftheseriesC++;9.lookatVisualC++'sbook,cannotlearnC++language;10.,impetuouspeopleeasytosay:XXlanguageisnolonger,shouldlearnYY;-youcannotdoityourself!?11.,impetuouspeopleeasilyask:"whatshouldIlearn?"-donotask,learningisright;12.,impetuouspeopleeasilyask:XXrichway?-suggestyourobthebank;13.,impetuouspeopleeasytosay:IwantChineseversion!Ican'tspeakenglish!-no!Learn! 14.,impetuouspeopleeasilyask:XXandYYwhichisgood?-tellyou,allgood-aslongasyoulearn;15.,impetuouspeoplearedividedintotwokinds:a)onlywaitandseeandnotlearn;b)onlylearnandnotadheretotheperson;16.,itisbettertoremembertheoutdatedtechnologyinmindbyputtingthefashionabletechnologyonthetipofyourtongue;17.C++isnotjustanobject-orientedprogramminglanguage;18.oneofthebestwaystolearnprogrammingistoreadthesourcecode;19.don'tthinkyouhaveenoughbooksinyourhandatanymoment;20.readthe"TheStandardC++Bible"(Chineseversion:StandardC++book),mastertheC++standard;21.readthebook,pleaselookcarefully;cannotreadthebook,pleaselookhard;22.don'texpecttorememberandreadanythingyoureadthefirsttime-readitsecondtimesandthirdtimes;23.see"EffectiveC++"and"MoreEffectiveC++"and"ExceptionalC++";24.,donotstayinthecradleofintegrateddevelopmentenvironment,learntocontroltheintegrateddevelopment environment,butalsolearntousecommandlinehandlingprocedures;25.discussmeaningfulC++knowledgewithothersratherthanarguingaboutwhetherXXisOKorYYandZZaregood;26.,pleasesee"programmingpractice",andstrictlyaccordingtoitsrequirementstodo;27.don'tthinkthatCandC++havethesamemeaningandfunctionassomeofthesyntaxandkeywordsseemthesame;28.C++isbynomeansthe"C"oftheso-called"Z"-andifC++hadoriginallycalledtheZlanguage,youwouldn'thavemadeCsocloselyassociatedwiththelanguage;29.,don'tthinkthatlearningXXlanguageandthenchangingC++willbeaproblem-you'rejustlearningawholenewlanguage;30.,afterreadingthe"InsideTheC++ObjectModel"latertodeterminewhetherhehaslearnedC++;31.thesecretsoflearningprogrammingareprogramming,programming,andreprogramming;Pleasepayattentiontothefollowing32.books:"theC++object-orientedandefficientprogramming(C++EffectiveObject-OrientedSoftwareConstruction)""objectorientedsoftwareconstruction(Object-OrientedSoftwareConstruction)""designmode(DesignPatterns)"TheArtof "ComputerProgramming";33.remember:objectorientedtechnologyisnotjustproprietarytoC++;34.,pleaseputtheprogramexamplesonthebookpersonallyinputtothecomputerpractice,evenifthesupportingCD-ROMintheactivecode;35.expandthemeaningfulexamplesyouseeinthebook;36.,payattentiontotheexceptionhandlingtechniquesinC++andapplythemtoyourprogram;37.oftenreviewtheproceduresthatyouhavewrittenbefore,andtrytorewriteandapplythenewknowledgeyouhavelearned;38.don'tmissanyoftheexercisesinthebook-pleasecompleteitandwritedownthesolution;Thirty-nineTheintegrateddevelopmentenvironmentofC++languageandC++shouldbelearnedandmasteredatthesametime;40.sincethedecisiontolearnC++,pleasekeeplearning,becausethepurposeoflearningprogramminglanguageistomasterprogrammingtechnology,andprogrammingtechnologyiscrosslanguage;41.,letC++languageplatformsanddevelopmentenvironmentto thefiercecompetition,wehavetolearnC++languageitself;42.whenyouwriteaC++programwrittenbyhishalfbutfoundthemethodverypoor,pleasedon'tstop;pleaseassoonaspossibletocompletetheremainingpartofthedesigntoensuretheintegrity,andthenanalyzedtheirmistakesandredesigningandwriting(see43);43.don'tbeimpatient,designingC++'sclassisnoteasy;theclassinyourprogramandthedesignlevelofyourclassareperfectanddevelopingintheconstantprogrammingpractice;44.neverbecauseaprogramis"small"doesnotfollowcertainrulesthatyouarenotfamiliarwith-goodhabitsarenurtured,notrememberedatonce;45.everytimeyoulearnaC++difficult,trytoexplainthisknowledgetoothersandmakehimunderstand-youcanmakeitclearthatyoureallyunderstand;46.recordthepointsofknowledgethatyouignoreordon'tunderstandwhencommunicatingwithothers;47.,pleasecontinuetowritetheirownproceduresforhigherrequirements,evenifyourprogramversionnumberwillbecomeVersion100.XX;48.keepalltheprogramsyou'vewritten--that'soneofyourbestaccumulations;49.pleasedon'tbeimpetuous; 50.pleaseloveC++!---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Supplement:C++feelalittlelearning,Ihopesomehelpforbeginners1.,ifyou'veneverbeenintouchwithc++before,thefirstc++tutorialisespeciallyimportant.Ithinkyoucanchoosefromthefollowingcriteria:A.explainsthestandardc++,which,afterall,haschangedmuchmorethanc++.B.requirescomprehensive,butnotverydeep,thiswillhelpyouhaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofc++,layafoundation,andeasytounderstandteachingmaterials,butalsotospeedupthepaceoflearning,sothattheymaintainasenseofaccomplishment.C.shouldhaveacompleteexampletoexplainhoweachoftheknowledgepointsisused.Notethatthewholethinghereisnotasnippetofcode.Becauseyouhavehadnopreviouscontactwithc++programming,completecodecanmakeyouhaveawholeconcept,andcanquicklygotopracticealot,becauseprogrammingisfromimitation,thecompletecodejusttotellyouacompletestep.Youdon'thavetofigureitoutyourself. D.recommends:"c++PrimerPlus"2.,whenyouhaveacertainfoundation,youhavetochoosesomebookstoimproveyourselfquickly.Thecharacteristicsofthesebooksisnotonlytoteachyouhowtouse,butalsototellyouhowtothink,andyouarenotsoeasytoread.Itmeansmorethanyoucanreadonce.Recommendation:thinking,in,c++,effective,c++,more,effective,c++,c++,programming,language...Meditationsonc++3.,thenextstepistoreadandrepeatthebooksinthesecondstep.Becauseofthesebooksaprofound,eachpersonbasedonthebasisoftheirownwillhaveadifferentharvest,forexampleifyouhaven'treachedabasiclevel,thenyoucanturnablindeyetosomesophisticatedtechnology,donotbelieve?Youcanhaveatryandseeifyouhaveacertainimprovement,andthenreadthepreviousbook,andyouwillfindalotofnewthings.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IrecommendsomeC++classicstoyou:C++programmingtutorialC++programmingideas C++UniversityCourseC++programminglanguageDatastructures,algorithmsandapplications,c++languagedescriptionC++StandardTemplateLibrary-self-studytutorialandreferencemanualGenericprogrammingandtheSTLDepthexplorationofc++objectmodelDesignpatterns--thefoundationofReusableObjectOrientedSoftwareRefactoring-improvingthedesignofexistingcodeEssentialc++Effectivec++MoreEffctivec++C++primerThefirstfiveshouldbelongtotheintroductionofbooks,thelatterbelongstothegreaterdifficultyoflearning,wanttoimprovetheprogrammingabilityofC++,seethesebooksaregood.Itisrecommendedthatyoutakeamorelookatthisbookof programmingideas.Doingmoreexercisesisagreathelptoimproveyourprogrammingskills.Infact,thelanguageisinterlinked,alanguagelearnedtolearnotherlanguagesiseasier.Theindustryhassuchasaying,becausetheJAVAlanguagecontainssomeofthecharacteristicsofC++,masteredtheC++,isequivalenttothecontrolofJAVA80%,Iamajuniorstudent,IamalsolearningtheC++language,morethanayear,thefeelingoflearningisreallytired,andIhopetobecomefriendswithyou!MyQQ:261174630FinallyIwishyoubetterandfurtherlearningprogrammingontheroad,Iwishyousuccess!!Infact,itcanbesaidthatC++isasupersetofC,extendedisC,CisasubsetofC++.CandC++arejustalanguage,nottosaythatC++isapackageofmanyfunctionstoformAPI,andthencomposetheMFCclasslibrarylanguage,butMFCencapsulatesalotofClanguage,C++languagefunctiontoformtheMFClibrary.CandC++areprogramminglanguages,butMFCisnot.BothCandC++arerelativelyclosetodirectmanipulationofCPUandmemory,sotheyrunmoreefficientlythanmanyprogramminglanguages,butareinevitablymorepronetoproblems.Infact,almostallofthefunctionsinCcanbeused directlyinC++,includingthecorrespondingheaderfile,ofcourse.Thesetwolanguagesarebetterthantwo,althoughtherearedifferencesindetail,butthesameistoomuch,generallyprogrammingisusuallymixedprogramming.Indealingwithdocuments,theyalsocannotsaywhohasmoreadvantages.Infact,C++efficiencyisnotlowerthanC,butusuallybecauseoftheabuseoftemporaryobjects,itseemsthatCismoreefficient,buthandledproperly,C++isasefficientasitis.Andwhenitcomestocomplexproblems,C++programmingisusuallymoreefficient.Moreover,onceC'scodeislonger,itisrelativelymoredifficulttounderstand,manage,andmaintainthanC++.ThebiggestdifferencebetweenCandC++isthattheirideasforsolvingproblemsaredifferent.C++'smethodofthinkingismoreadvanced,detailedcontenthereisnotsaid,youcanfindrelevantarticlesontheInternetreading.AsforthefunctionsthatCandC++processall,itseemsdifficult.Howmanyofthoseprocessingfunctionsdoyouthink?Canyourmindrememberit?Yes,theyareallpartofit.Programmingmustalwayshaveatoolbook(entityorelectronicversion),sothatitisconvenienttofindfunction.Nowthenetworkisgood,tofindthefunctionofaBaidu,Googletwo,thebasicdatacannotbefound,onlyyoucannotthinkofthefunction.Tosaythereferencebook,MSDNisverypowerful.Ofcourse,therearealsosomeotheredited,youcheckthe"Clibrary"or"theClanguagelibraryfunctionsDaquan,"whatahsuchalot,todownloadfreealsoisgood,IuseMSDN,theothernothingseemstohaverecommended. Clanguageisthestructureorientedisprocessoriented,Javaisapureobject-oriented,c++canprocessorientedprogrammingcanalsoobject-orientedprogramming;heretheprocessoriented"isakindofprogrammingideas,specifically:Thestructureisdividedintomanymodulestoachievethefunctionofthefunctionofeachmodule,toundertakeafunction,eachmodulemightuseformanytimes,thiswillonlyneedtocallthefunctionontheline,withoutredefinition,codeandsavetime.Objectoriented,wehavetoachievethefunctionofpackageisdefinedasaclassoranobject,anobjecthehasmultipleattributesalsohavemultipleactivities,astheprogramdesignoftheunit,toachievethefunctionsofthisclasshavetoachieve,istousetheclassdefinitionasobject.Thestructureofthefunctiondefinition,youhavetocallthefunctionwiththefunctionofclasscanachievealotoffeaturesandthebehavioroftheobject,thatmaycontainmanyfunctionmodulesandvariables,classescanalsotransferthecommunicationattributeisvariabletransfervaluedirectly,whichismorethanthestructureorientedahigherlevelofabstraction,abstract.AndthelandlordsaysthestructureoftheClanguage,heistodefinedatablocks,infact,heisonlycomparabletoobject-orientedattributesofobjects,therearemanytypesofvariables,andnoobjectbehavior.
