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1、EnvironmentalproblemscausedbyIstanbulsubwayexcavationandsuggestionsforremediationIbrahimOcakAbstract:Manyenvironmentalproblemscausedbysubwayexcavationshaveinevitablybecomeanimportantpointincitylife.Theseproblemscanbecategorizedastransportingandstockingofexcavatedmaterial,trafficjams,no
2、ise,vibrations,pilesofdustmudandlackofsupplies.Althoughtheseproblemscausemanydifficulties,themostpressingforabigcitylikeIstanbulisexcavation,sinceotherlisteddifficultiesresultfromit.Moreover,theseproblemsareenvironmentallyandregionallyrestrictedtotheperiodoverwhichconstructionprojectsar
3、eunderwayanddisappearwhenconstructionisfinished.Currently,inIstanbul,thereareninesubwayconstructionprojectsinoperation,coveringapproximately73kminlength;over200kmtobeconstructedinthenearfuture.Theamountofmaterialexcavatedfromongoingconstructionprojectscoversapproximately12millionm3.Int
4、hisstudy,problems—primarily,theproblemwithexcavationwaste(EW)—causedbysubwayexcavationareanalyzedandsuggestionsforremediationareoffered.Keywords:EnvironmentalproblemsSubwayexcavationWastemanagementIntroductionNowadays,citiesarespreadingoverlargerareaswithincreasingdemandonextendingtra
5、nsportfacilities.Thus,allovertheworld,especiallyincitieswherethepopulationexceeds300,000–400,000people,railway-basedmeansoftransportationisbeingacceptedastheultimatesolution.Therefore,largeinvestmentsinsubwayandlightrailconstructionarerequired.Theconstructionofstatedsystemsrequiressur
6、faceexcavations,cutandcovertunnelexcavations,boredtunnelexcavations,redirectionofinfrastructuresandtunnelconstructionprojects.Theseelementsdisturbtheenvironmentandaffecteverydaylifeofcitizensintermsofrunningwater,naturalgas,sewersystemsandtelephonelines.Onereasonwhymetroexcavationsaff
7、ecttheenvironmentisthehugeamountofexcavatedmaterialproduced.Moreover,alargeamountofthisexcavatedmaterialiscomposedofmuddyandbentonitematerial.Storingexcavatedmaterialthenbecomescrucial.Aconsiderableamountofpressurehasbeenplacedonofficialstostoreandrecycleanykindofexcavatedmaterial.Wast
8、emana