英语专业必备!胡壮麟语言学笔记汇总

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1、Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics1.2whatislanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication1.3designfeaturesoflanguagearbitrariness:thereisnoconnectionbetweenthewords;soundanditsmeaningduality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructurescreativity(productivity):userscanproducesente

2、ncestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Itspotentialtocreateendlesssentencesbyrecursiveness.displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakers.culturaltransmission:languageispassedothroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.1.4originoflanguageThebow-wowtheory

3、:imitatethesoundsofanimalThepooh-poohtheory:instinctivesoundsofjoy,agerandpainTheyo-he-hotheory:rhythmicgruntsproducedwhenworking1.5functionsoflanguage1.5.1themainfunctionsoflanguage:Descriptivefunctions:cognitiveorreferentialorpropositionalfunction.Primaryfunctionoflanguage.,toconveyfactualinfor

4、mationExpressivefunction:emotiveorattitudinalfunction,suppliesusers’feelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Socialfunction:interpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople1.5.2accordingtoJakobson:Emotive:addresser表达情感Conative:addressee导致动作的发生Referential:context描述客观

5、事实Poetic:message语言本身的美Phaticcommunication:contact建立社会关系Metalinguistic:codemakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself1.5.3accordingtoHallidaythissystemcontainsthreemacrofunctionsIdeational:toorganizethespeakerorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚伪世界的体验，即语言指称实际或虚伪的人，物，动作，事件，状态等In

6、terpersonal:toindicate,establishormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.人际功能表明，建立，或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，情感，语言功能等。Textualfunction:toorganizewrittenorspokentextsinsuchamannerthattheyarecoherentwithinthemselvesandfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.组篇功能指组成书面或或口头的语篇，这些语篇内部连贯，并适用于所用的特定场景。1.6

7、whatislinguistics:Thescientificstudyoflanguage1.9importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive：aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.describehowthingsarePrescriptive:规范性aimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandsta