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ID:31327064
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页数:26页
时间:2019-01-08
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1、WORD完美整理版Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics1.2whatislanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication1.3designfeaturesoflanguagearbitrariness:thereisnoconnectionbetweenthewords;soundanditsmeaningduality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstruc
2、turescreativity(productivity):userscanproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Itspotentialtocreateendlesssentencesbyrecursiveness.displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakers.culturaltransmission:languagei
3、spassedothroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.1.4originoflanguageThebow-wowtheory:imitatethesoundsofanimalThepooh-poohtheory:instinctivesoundsofjoy,agerandpainTheyo-he-hotheory:rhythmicgruntsproducedwhenworking1.5functionsoflanguage1.5.1themainfu
4、nctionsoflanguage:Descriptivefunctions:cognitiveorreferentialorpropositionalfunction.Primaryfunctionoflanguage.,toconveyfactualinformationExpressivefunction:emotiveorattitudinalfunction,suppliesusers’feelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Socialfunction
5、:interpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople1.5.2accordingtoJakobson:Emotive:addresser表达情感Conative:addressee导致动作的发生Referential:context描述客观事实Poetic:message语言本身的美Phaticcommunication:contact建立社会关系Metalinguistic:codemakeclear
6、themeaningoflanguageitself1.5.3accordingtoHallidaythissystemcontainsthreemacrofunctionsIdeational:toorganizethespeakerorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.范文范例参考指导WORD完美整理版达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚伪世界的体验,即语言指称实际或虚伪的人,物,动作,事件,状态等Interpersonal:toindicate,es
7、tablishormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.人际功能表明,建立,或维持人与人之间的社会关系,包括称谓形式,情感,语言功能等。Textualfunction:toorganizewrittenorspokentextsinsuchamannerthattheyarecoherentwithinthemselvesandfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.组篇功能指组成书面或或口头的语篇,这些语篇内部连贯
8、,并适用于所用的特定场景。1.6whatislinguistics:Thescientificstudyoflanguage1.9importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.describehowthingsarePrescriptive:规范性aimstola
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