英语专业必备胡壮麟语言学笔记.汇总

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1、.Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics1.2whatislanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsforhumancommunication1.3designfeaturesoflanguagearbitrariness:thereisnoconnectionbetweenthewords;soundanditsmeaningduality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructurescreativity(productivity):usersca

2、nproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Itspotentialtocreateendlesssentencesbyrecursiveness.displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakers.culturaltransmission:languageispassedothroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.1.4origino

3、flanguageThebow-wowtheory:imitatethesoundsofanimalThepooh-poohtheory:instinctivesoundsofjoy,agerandpainTheyo-he-hotheory:rhythmicgruntsproducedwhenworking1.5functionsoflanguage1.5.1themainfunctionsoflanguage:Descriptivefunctions:cognitiveorreferentialorpropositionalfunction.Primaryfun

4、ctionoflanguage.,toconveyfactualinformationExpressivefunction:emotiveorattitudinalfunction,suppliesusers’feelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Socialfunction:interpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelations......betweenpeople1.5.2accordingtoJakobson:Emotive:addres

5、ser表达情感Conative:addressee导致动作的发生Referential:context描述客观事实Poetic:message语言本身的美Phaticcommunication:contact建立社会关系Metalinguistic:codemakeclearthemeaningoflanguageitself1.5.3accordingtoHallidaythissystemcontainsthreemacrofunctionsIdeational:toorganizethespeakerorwriter’sexperienceofthereal

6、orimaginaryworld.达意功能指组织说话者或作者现实或虚伪世界的体验，即语言指称实际或虚伪的人，物，动作，事件，状态等Interpersonal:toindicate,establishormaintainsocialrelationshipsbetweenpeople.人际功能表明，建立，或维持人与人之间的社会关系，包括称谓形式，情感，语言功能等。Textualfunction:toorganizewrittenorspokentextsinsuchamannerthattheyarecoherentwithinthemselvesandfitthe

7、particularsituationinwhichtheyareused.组篇功能指组成书面或或口头的语篇，这些语篇内部连贯，并适用于所用的特定场景。1.6whatislinguistics:Thescientificstudyoflanguage1.9importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive：aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.describehowthingsarePrescriptive:规范性aimstolaydownrulesforc

8、orrec