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1、ElectrochimicaActa45(2000)2483±2498www.elsevier.nl:locate:electactaPrinciplesandapplicationsofelectrochemicalcapacitorsR.KoÈtza,*,M.CarlenbaPaulScherrerInstitut,GeneralEnergyResearchDepartment,CH-5232Villigen,SwitzerlandbABBCorporateResearch,CH-5405Baden:DaÈttwil,SwitzerlandPapersrecei
2、vedinNewcastle,20December1999AbstractElectrochemicalcapacitors(EC)alsocalled`supercapacitors'or`ultracapacitors'storetheenergyintheelectric®eldoftheelectrochemicaldouble-layer.Useofhighsurface-areaelectrodesresultinextremelylargecapacitance.SinglecellvoltageofECsistypicallylimitedto1±3
3、Vdependingontheelectrolyteused.Smallelectrochemicalcapacitorsforlow-voltageelectronicapplicationshavebeencommerciallyavailableformanyyears.DifferentapplicationsdemandinglargeECswithhighvoltageandimprovedenergyandpowerdensityareunderdiscussion.Fundamentalprinciples,performance,character
4、istics,presentandfutureapplicationsofelectrochemicalcapacitorsarepresentedinthiscommunication.©2000ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Electrochemicalcapacitors;Electronicapplications;Voltage;Supercapacitor;Ultracapacitor;Doublelayer1.Introductionmarketsuchdeviceswereundertak
5、enbySOHIO[2].However,onlyintheninetieselectrochemicalcapaci-Capacitorswhichstoretheenergywithintheelectro-torsbecamefamousinthecontextofhybridelectricchemicaldouble-layerattheelectrode:electrolyteinter-vehicles.ADOEultracapacitordevelopmentprogramfaceareknownundervariousnameswhicharetr
6、adewasinitiatedin1989,andshorttermaswellaslongmarksorestablishedcolloquialnamessuchas`double-termgoalswerede®nedfor1998±2003andafter2003,layercapacitors',`supercapacitors',`ultracapacitors',respectively[3].TheECwassupposedtoboostthe`powercapacitors',`goldcapacitors'or`powercache'.batte
7、ryorthefuelcellinthehybridelectricvehicleto`Electrochemicaldouble-layercapacitor'isthenameprovidethenecessarypowerforacceleration,andaddi-thatdescribesthefundamentalchargestorageprincipletionallyallowforrecuperationofbrakeenergy.Todayofsuchcapacitors.However,duetothefactthatthereseve
