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1、TheSullivanCaseandtheFirstAmendmentCongressshallmakenolaw...abridgingthefreedomofspeech,orofthepress.-------TheFirstAmendmentFirstAmendment,backgroundDesiretoavoidtwoEnglishpractices:“Priorrestraints.”Thelicensingofpublications(booksandnewspapers)inEnglandpriorto1694,w
2、hichallowedgovernmenttorestrictpublications.“Seditiouslibellaws.”Madeitacrimetoengageinspeechthatcriticizedthegovernment.FreedomofthePress,backgroundSupremeCourtdecisionsrelyontheFirstAmendment:Toprotectthepressfrompriorrestraints,Tojustifycarefulreviewoflawsthattrytot
3、reatthepressdifferently(“discriminate”).TheSupremeCourthasrejectedtheargumentthattheFirstAmendmentgivesthepressspecialaccess(beyondthatgiventoanycitizen).FreedomofthePress,continuedTheSupremeCourthasalsostruckdowncertainafter-publicationrestrictionsonthepress.Thesearel
4、awsthatpunishthepressafteranarticleispublished,orotherwiseallowlegalactiontobetakenafteranarticleispublished.Themostfamoussortofafter-publicationrestrictionis“libel.”“Libel”isalegaltermthatdescribesawrittenformof“defamation.”“Defamation”isa"falseorunjustifiedinjurytoso
5、meone'sgoodreputation."NewYorkTimesv.Sullivan,andthecasesthatfollowit,setoutthescopeofthisruleasitrelatestolawsoflibel.BackgroudofthecasetheNewYorkTimescarriedafull-pageadvertisementtitled"HeedTheirRisingVoices"onMarch29,1960Theadvertisementdescribedactionsagainstcivil
6、rightsprotesters,someoftheminaccurately,someofwhichinvolvedthepoliceforceofMontgomery,Alabama.NewYorkTimesv.Sullivan,TheAdvertisement(excerpts):ThegrowingmovementofpeacefulmassdemonstrationsbyNegroesissomethingnewintheSouth....LetCongressheedtheirrisingvoices,fortheywi
7、llbeheard." --NewYorkTimeseditorial Saturday,March19,1960“HeedTheirRisingVoicesAsthewholeworldknowsbynow,thousandsofSouthernNegrostudentsareengagedinwidespreadnon-violentdemonstrationsinpositiveaffirmationoftherighttoliveinhumandignityasguaranteedbytheU.S.Constitution
8、andtheBillofRights.”***“Intheireffortstoupholdtheseguarantees,theyarebeingmetbyanunprecedentedwaveofterrorbythosewhow
