SJPO nuclear physics

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1、Page1Page2Page3SJPOTrainingNuclearPhysicsChikChengYao26July2014Overview1)ModeloftheatomImportantquantities:a)Rutherfordexperiment-19e=1.60x10Cb)Bohrmodel-27u=1.66x10kg2)Qualitativenuclearreactionsm=1.007276ua)Componentsofnucleipm=1.008665ub)Bindingenergyandthestrongforcenc)

2、Nuclearreactionsme=0.000548580ud)Typesofdecayc=299792458ms-1e)Radioactivityandstability3)Quantitativecalculationsa)Spontaneousdecayb)Nuclearreactionsc)Nuclearenergyandmassdefect1)Modeloftheatoma)RutherfordexperimentTheRutherfordgoldfoilexperimentwasagroundbreakingexperiment

3、innuclearphysicsthatestablishedtheinterioroftheatom.Theprecedingplum-puddingmodelpredictedthattherewasauniformdistributionofpositivecharge,pepperedwithelectrons,foranoverallelectrically-neutralatom.However,whenGeigerandMarsden(underdirectionofRutherford)conductedthisfamouse

4、xperiment,firingalphaparticlesatathingoldfoil,thealphaparticleslargelypassedthroughbutasmallproportionweredeflectedbymorethan90degrees.Thissuggestedthatthepositivechargeofnucleiwasconcentratedinaverysmallspace.b)BohrModelPartlyasaresponsetothis,theBohrmodeloftheatomwasdevel

5、oped.TheBohrmodelcompriseselectronsorbitingacentral,positivelychargednucleus.Implications:–Someunknownextremelystrongforceisholdingnucleustogether–Electronsareorbitingnucleus,notembeddedinit–Whatisinsidethenucleus?2)Qualitativenuclearreactionsa)ComponentsofnucleiProtonsandn

6、eutrons(collectivelytermednucleons)makeupthenucleus.Theymakeup99.9%ofthemassoftheatom.ARepresentationofthenucleus(nuclidenotation):N:ThisnuclidehassymbolN(likeFe,O,ZPb...),protonnumber/atomicnumberZ,andmassnumberA.Inotherwords,thenuclidehasZprotonsandA-Zneutrons.Themassnumb

7、erisusedinsteadofprotonnumberbecauseisthevastmajorityofcasesthenumberofneutronsislessrelevanttoitspropertiesthanitstotalmass.Theelementisdefinedbyitsnumberofprotons.Anynuclidewith6protonsisconsideredcarbon,with7protonsnitrogen.However,formostelementsthereexistisotopes.Isoto

8、pesarenuclideswiththesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumbers;forexamplecarbon-14an