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1、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USAVol.92,pp.6675-6682,July1995ColloquiumPaperThispaperwaspresentedatacolloquiumentitled"Physics:TheOpeningtoComplexity,"organizedbyPhilipW.Anderson,heldJune26and27,1994,attheNationalAcademyofSciences,inIrvine,CA.Theoldproblemsofglassandtheglasstransition,
2、andthemanynewtwistsC.A.ANGELLDepartmentofChemistry,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ85287-1604ABSTRACTInthispaperIreviewthewaysinwhichthemediaterangeorder(4),hasbeenfound(5-7)tocorrelatewithglassystateisobtainedbothinnatureandinmaterialssciencethetemperaturedependenceofthevisc
3、osity(i.e.,withtheandhighlighta"newtwist"-therecentrecognitionofpoly-so-called"fragility"oftheliquidorpolymer).Atthesamemorphismwithintheglassystate.Theformationofglassbytime,thenotionthatagivenliquidonslowcoolingatconstantcontinuouscooling(viscousslowdown)isthenexamined,the
4、pressurealwaystendstowardthesameconformationalgroundstrong/fragileliquidsclassificationisreviewed,andanewstatehasrecentlybeenoverturnedbytherecognitionofthetwist-thepossibilitythattheslowdownisaresultofanexistenceofpolymorphismintheglassystate(8-11)[calledavoidedcriticalpoin
5、t-isnoted.Thethreecanonicalcharac-"polyamorphism"(12)].Thusthefieldisinastateofflux.Itteristicsofrelaxingliquidsarecorrelatedthroughthefragil-isanexcitingperiod,asAndersonhasopined(13),thataity.Asafurthernewtwist,theconversionofstrongliquidstotheoryofthenatureofglassandthegl
6、asstransitionisthefragileliquidsbypressure-inducedcoordinationnumberin-"deepestandmostinterestingunsolvedprobleminsolidstatecreasesisdemonstrated.Itisthenshownthat,forcomparabletheory."systems,itispossibletohavethesameconversionaccom-Manyoftheproblemsinthisfieldareencountere
7、datsuchplishedviaafirst-ordertransitionwithintheliquidstatelongrelaxationtimesastobe"safe"fromresolutionbytheduringquenching.Thisoccursinthesystemsinwhich"poly-methodofmoleculardynamicscomputersimulation(14),amorphism"(polymorphismintheglassystate)isobserved,thoughthebehavio
8、rofrealsystemsnearthecriticaltemper-andthewholephenomenologyisaccountedforb
