Chapter2 Theories of Human Develop

《Chapter2 Theories of Human Develop》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

1、ChapterTwoTheoriesofHumanDevelopmentDr.MarthaPelaezTheNatureofScientificTheoriesAscientifictheoryisasetofconceptsandpropositionsthatorganize,describe,andexplainasetofobservations.Agoodtheorymustbe:Parsimonious–concise,usingfewexplanatoryprinciplestoexplainabroadsetofobservationsTheNatureofScientif

2、icTheoriesFalsifiable–capableofmakingpredictionsaboutthefuturethatcanbeconfirmedordisconfirmedHeuristic–stimulatesnewresearch,buildsonexistingknowledgebygeneratingtestablehypothesesQuestionsandControversiesaboutHumanDevelopmentPerhapsnotheoreticalcontroversyhasbeenmoreheatedthanthenature/nurtureis

3、sue.Thisisthedebateamongdevelopmentaltheoristsabouttherelativeimportanceofbiologicalpredispositions(nature)andenvironmentalinfluences(nurture)asdeterminantsofhumandevelopment.TheActive/PassiveIssueArechildrencurious/activecreatureswholargelydeterminehowagentsofsocietytreatthem?Oraretheypassivesoul

4、sonwhomsocietyfixesitsstamp?Thisisthedebateamongdevelopmentaltheoristsaboutwhetherchildrenareactivecontributorstotheirowndevelopmentor,rather,passiverecipientsofenvironmentalinfluence.TheContinuity/DiscontinuityIssueContinuitytheoristsviewdevelopmentasanadditiveprocessthatoccursgraduallyandcontinu

5、ouslywithoutsuddenchanges.Thesetheoriststhinkthatdevelopmentalchangesarebasicallyquantitativeinnature.Discontinuitytheoristsdescribetheroadtomaturityasaseriesofabruptchanges,orstages.Theyportraydevelopmentasasequenceofqualitativechanges.ThePsychoanalyticViewpointThepsychoanalytictheoryofSigmundFre

6、ud(1856-1939)changedourthinkingaboutdevelopingchildren.Freudbelievedthathumanshaveunconsciousmotivesthatarerepressed.Asbiologicalcreatures,wehavebasicsexualandaggressiveinstinctsthatmustbeserved.PsychosexualTheoryFreud’spsychosexualtheorystatesthatmaturationofthesexinstinctunderliesstagesofpersona

7、litydevelopmentandthatthemannerinwhichparentsmanagetheirchildren’sinstinctualimpulsesdeterminesthetraitsthatchildrendisplay.ComponentsofPersonalityFreud’stheoryspecifiesthatthreecomponentsofpersonalitydevelopandg