新六级基础深度精讲-阅读

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新六级基础深度精讲-阅读主讲：欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材基本知识开场白主讲：张登 意义和符号之间的连接成一个复杂的网络结构最为基础的：单词 考试瓶颈：单词问题新六级题型安排旧六级阅读： 四篇文章，每篇5道题，总共20道题。每题2分，总分40分。 包含：自然科技文章、社会、说明和议论文章 题型：主旨题细节题新六级阅读： 十五分钟做一篇快速阅读文章，长度为一千到一千五百个单词。后有十道题，前四道是非判断题，后六道题是主观填空题。 出题人强调的东西是挖掘信息同时以自己话写出来的能力，同时考到写作能力新六级阅读第二部分： 题型：简短回答问题；选词填空 选词填空：350至400个词，10个单词被挖取为空格，给出15个词从中选取 10个添入空格 简短回答问题：350至400个词，后面五道题均为开放式问法。常问细节东西 考察方向：快速阅读文章的能力和改写文章的能力 新六级阅读第三部分： 两篇文章，每篇400至450字，每道题两分，分值20分。 阅读是一个最传统最综合的模式，即考察宏观又考察微观 可以利用阅读理解的选择题去练习快速阅读和简答题！

1总体来说，新旧六级区别： 第一：新六级题型变得复杂，不同题型考察的思维习惯是不同的，需要时间去适应。 可以以阅读理解原来的题型来练习，但同时也要把那一方面的能力加以练习。 第二：篇幅变得巨大，文章篇幅不断加长，大纲规定的速度也提高了。多了一千多 个单词而时间却没有改变，对速度要求越来越可怕了 六级和考研的区别： 考研阅读文章长度是400至450字之间，每篇文章花费的平均时间是15分钟，而六级 每篇阅读文章可能就八九分钟。六级强调考察的是速度,考研英语注重考察的是深度 和精度六级和四级的区别： 整体阅读系统没有太大的本质区别，但是四六级还是有个非常大的区别，主要体现 在两点： 第一点：四级选项中可能含有原文单词。六级选项中一旦带有完整不变的原文单词， 那这个选项成功的概率非常低 第二点：四级的阅读理解很多直接问的是某段第一句话，六级的有些题目出在 第一句，也有相当部分出在别的地方。 文章内部结构字词句的理解 包含两个元素：一个是单词，还有一个是句式词汇要求 5500个单词必须掌握以及一百多个常用词组，某些词汇是超纲词汇，而有些 词汇是相对比较简单的词汇。大纲要求，有三千个单词是复用单词。这些词 很有可能是以词汇和词义转换方式来考大家。比如教材19单元第1篇文章， 也就是教材的108页的第3段的第2行，condition.在这里，condition变成了一个 动词，代表的意思应该是影响。 词汇考查的两种类型：老词和新词 单词的同以替换：使用同义词将重点词替换掉。新词考的是辨识 四级和六级在单词上还是有相当大的区别，特别是新词的辨识以及对老词 的深度的挖掘句法分析长难句分析 英文难还是中文难？ 其实英文比中文简单！ 如何认识长难句 第一：长难句是常设的考点 第二：长难句会打断我们阅读的流畅性

2如何攻破长难句 一种微观，一种宏观 微观：句法分析，抓住核心的谓语动词，对于单词的词性要多注意 举例：阅读材料unit1passage2第1句话 Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewayto teachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies. oversimplifies：过度简单化，为谓语动词 长难句分析时，注意每个单词的词性把握 constable:名词，意思是警察警官 function:变成动词，意思是起作用，运做宏观把握： 平均看文章时间4-5分钟，剩下大约4分钟做题 不仅练习语法分析，还要练习不需语法分析就能做题 欧洲语系英文最简单，英文词的变化很简单 在中级英语学习阶段，把翻译提到议事日程上来 把所有真题阅读中第一遍没看懂的句子全部摘抄下来，并且做中文翻译， 再做分类 对句子的了解，不仅会阅读理解产生很大的冲击，对听力和写作也会有相当大的冲击文章结构分析字词的理解和句子的理解是基础文章结构的把握 难文章看不懂还猜对了四道题？ 容易文章看懂了还错四道题？ 看不懂的文章分析力加强 看到简单文章掉以轻心 一篇文章如果话题简单，则论证逻辑特别复杂 文章结构形成六级阅读对考生的第二要求 文章结构的包含两个方面 一是文章的主旨和段落主旨 二是句子之间关系 作者意图和态度的考察，作者在写文章时带有立场 认识到文章的层面后，对文章的把握会更加全面，做题时损失更少 阅读的三种不同方式如何处理文章的方法取决于任务的要求第一种方法：扫读scanning在这个过程中绝对不可以对任何一句话做任何的理解第二种方法：跳读skimming在跳读之前大概知道哪些是重要的那些是次要的第三种方法：精读intensitvereading

3绝对不可逐句精读，应该选句精读 阅读文章时一定会把三种阅读方法揉合在一起，根据题目要求不同程度不同角度去处理文章阅读方法之：阅读习惯阅读习惯 阅读习惯在很多层面上决定着阅读效率高还是不高 阅读时情不自禁用嘴巴念，此时意思跟不上，速度跟不上，阅读时嘴巴不要发声 阅读时默念，要得到调整的前提是对词的反应能力很强 阅读时指读，不符合我们的阅读习惯，阅读时停留的部分是句法的基本义群 阅读时翻译，只有到精度时最多去翻译一下，在精度时做翻译也是不好的， 英文与中文永远不可能是一个词与一个词的对应，要懂得拿全句话 的语境来进行整体的推理和判断。字译不行，意译也不行 尽量避免阅读中不良习惯，越简单的材料越能锻炼人的语感，这需要长时间一定的坚持基本题型五种基本题型基本知识细节题：问一句话，查找的过程和读取的过程 查找的方法：按照关键线索单词去查找，关键词可能会被同义词替换 关键词不一定存在；按顺序去查找，出题顺序和行文顺序大体一致 正确答案多是原词的同义替换词 推理题：在同一逻辑层面上，讲的是同样的事 一个推理题等于好几个细节题，推理题的做法是排除法 推理题题干可能有推理推断这个词，infer 题干可能有学习这个词，learn 题干可能有学习这些词，know,why,reason 主旨题：询问本文的主要内容 themainideaofthepassage,thebesttitle,writingpurpose sumup,summarize 三个最集中出现主旨句地方：开门见山的第一句话；第一段的后面； 还有第二段的第一句话猜词题：这个词一定是超纲单词，需要客观的线索进行依据来猜测 态度题：这个态度是相当明确的，或者是支持或者是反对或者是中立永远不需一些暧昧的态度，考察的是作者的意图和态度，特别强调作者的用词，有时作者并不直白说，作者的态度感情还有立场都是通过一些具体单词所携带的感情来表示的看单词时看例句

4五种基本题型的重要性细节题，推理题，主旨题是几乎所有文章都会包含的，细节题几乎占40%的篇幅 推理题大约会占30%左右的篇幅 细节题非常重要，细节题做得好对推理题也有帮助阅读的整体把握练习题UnitOnePassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence?Afeweffectssuggestthemselvesatonce.Ithassavedlivesbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces.Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemulti-storyresidenceorofficebuilding,ithasmadepossible—forbetterorworse—themoderncity.Bybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleratedtherateofscientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry.Beyonddoubtithasseriouslyweakenedifnotkilledtheancientartofletterwriting.Ithasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses;bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-generationalhousehold.Ithasmadethewarchillinglymoreefficientthanformerly.Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(可证实)，ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication.Orperhaps—againnotprovably—bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(传播)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(恶意)ofthemalicious.21.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A)Thetelephonehashelpedtosavepeoplefromillnessandfire.B)Thetelephonehashelpedtopreventwarsandconflicts.C)Thetelephonehasmadethemoderncityneitherbetternorworse.D)Thetelephonehashadpositiveaswellasnegativeeffectsonus.22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause.A)itincreasesthedangerofwar

5B)itprovidesservicestoboththegoodandthemaliciousC)itmakesdistantcommunicationeasierD)itbreaksupthemulti-generationalhousehold24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit.A)saveslivesofpeopleinremoteplacesB)enablespeopletolivealoneiftheywanttoC)spreadsbothloveandillwillD)replacesmuchwrittencommunication25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis.A)affectionateC)approvingB)disapprovingD)neutral若全部读完这篇文章再做题，只能做宏观题做不了细节题 若看完题目再来做文章，能从文章中找出细节题的答案，但文章总体把握不足 文章和题目最好结合在一起，要懂得区分重要和次要，所以重要的是抓住主干 首先了解题干的要求，然后注意每段的核心，最后一段是看文章是否有总结 剩下部分其实就是找重点信息去做21.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage? 主旨题，暂时先不做 22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat 强调句型，telephone不是线索词，要为特征线索即只能是这题有别的题不能有 此题是推理题 23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause intensify：加剧conflict：冲突 24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit 推理题impartial：公正的 25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis 态度题，按照文章主旨所归纳的感情色彩去做Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence? 这篇文章为一篇典型的问题解答型文章，若一篇文章首句提出问题，则这句话为 文章主题，文章探讨的是电话的利弊问题 21.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage? 答案中应该有并列结构的选项，答案为D选项 第一句话真的非常重要，特别是主题句，要着重抓住第一段 Afeweffectssuggestthemselvesatonce. suggestoneself：浮现在眼前 列举：分点论述，考法是每个点的重点，次要化的信息不会被考到 常见的能够表示几个若干的都提示我们后面是列举结构Ithassavedlivesbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces. 很明显的好事情 Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemulti-storyresidenceorofficebuilding,

6ithasmadepossible—forbetterorworse—themoderncity. 第二点也是一件好事 Bybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleratedtherateofscientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry. accelerate：加速，这也是一件好事Beyonddoubtithasseriouslyweakenedifnotkilledtheancientartofletterwriting. 这件事实际上是件坏事情 weaken：削弱beyonddoubt：毫无疑问 outoffashion:落伍过时outdated：落伍过时的 Ithasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses; 这句话其实并不是一个点，social：社交的 bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-generationalhousehold. bysodoing：通过这么做playarolein：在某方面起作用 breakup：崩溃分离multi-generational：多代household：家庭结构 仍旧这是一个坏事Ithasmadethewarchillinglymoreefficientthanformerly. chillingly：令人毛骨悚然的 这是第三点坏处 Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(可证实)，ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication. Perhaps与beyonddoubt形成鲜明的对比 Orperhaps—againnotprovably—bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars. 电话即不阻止战争，也不引发战争Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(传播)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsandthenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(恶意)ofthemalicious. 这句话可以成为第四个坏处 Certainly：语气发生转变scope：范围 impartial：公正的nonsense：废话theignorant：愚蠢的那帮人22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflictsA选项错在made,偷梁换柱，重要的单词被替换 B，D均错误，与原文不符 C选项正确 越像原文的选项越浮乏，看起来和原文不是很像的选项正确几率却很高23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause

7A)itincreasesthedangerofwar B)itprovidesservicestoboththegoodandthemalicious C)itmakesdistantcommunicationeasier D)itbreaksupthemulti-generationalhousehold B选项正确，有和原文的对应关系24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit. A)saveslivesofpeopleinremoteplaces B)enablespeopletolivealoneiftheywantto C)spreadsbothloveandillwill D)replacesmuchwrittencommunication 若两道题均出自一句话，则答案相似 根据23题的B选项，可得24题正确答案为C选项25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis. A)affectionateC)approving B)disapprovingD)neutral 态度题最好看文章主旨，利弊各有，需选中立，正确答案为D选项 总结第一：看文章从题目入手 第二:抓住文章的结构 第三：文章内容有详有略，有真有假，选择性的投入精力，要谨慎 第四：查找答案是找出貌似最不接近原文的答案 六级阅读中强调的是相对比较老的词汇的把握，对于词汇还是基础性的把握 大纲中有3000个词汇是复用词汇 不要依赖文曲星 记单词要注意两点：先不忙去查字典；不要过度依赖字典或文曲星 例句最重要 很好的题目会各个层次考察的都比较详细，考察考生的综合技能 猜词题基本知识什么是猜词题？ 1.猜词:每个选项都是单个单词 2.猜词组和句：选项的信息量充足 如何做猜词题？ 上下文或者语境1998年1月真题PassageTwoUnit12Question26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryalsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythepoultry(家禽)industry”.Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainst

8malnutrition(营养不良)in“hungrynations”,thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.Large-scaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverberecoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal'sprocessofdigestionandcellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,onlyabout44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9_10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhasthisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain'slargestsuppliersofchickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirminBangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6,000chickensand18,000layinghens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchicken-raisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfamine-reliefproteinfood.Atpresent,oneofBangladesh'smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecountryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeeditspopulation.Onwhatthencantheypossiblyfeedthechicken?26.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustryB)raisingpoultrycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrainC)factoryfarmingwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountriesD)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustry27.Accordingtotheauthor,infactoryfarming,vegetablefood.A)iseasyforchickenstodigestB)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultryC)isfullyutilizedinmeatandeggproductionD)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs28.WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregarditasaneffectivewayto.A)boosttheirownexportsB)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountriesC)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountriesD)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries

929.Theword“carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“”.A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumption30.Whatthelastparagraphtellsusistheauthor's.A)detailedanalysisofthewaysofraisingpoultryinBangladeshB)greatappreciationofthedevelopmentofpoultryindustryinBangladeshC)criticalviewonthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshD)practicalsuggestionfortheimprovementofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshcontent:名词时意思是内容，形容词时意思是满意的 这个观点是作者观点吗？第一句话是个典型的假信息 infact：其实，有两种含义 在第一段出现转折时，转折词的后面就是作者的主题句 aggravate：加剧 为什么会加剧饥荒问题？scale：规模intensive：集中的一旦出现必考无疑：比较句 protein：蛋白质fat：脂肪fabric：纤维 feedtheanimal:喂养动物matter:问题，物质 recover：恢复，回收如果一个题干中包含好几个线索，按照原文顺序排列最后在原文中出现的才是正确的线索 digestion：消化absorption:吸收有详有略，有真有假 例证使用的单词比较形象和具体，观点使用的单词抽象和概括 出题绝大多数情况下指向观点而避开例证，看到例证采取略读approximately：大约consume:消费，消耗 carcass：属于某种食物；和某种东西形成了对比 猜词题的第一个重要办法：相邻句子法 如果两个比较应该是一个比较的话，则这两个比较中比较双方的身份一致carcass=meatnevertheless：尽管如此Forinstance之后到本段结束都不是重点信息可略去export：出口import：进口boost：推进，促进 需要从一个相对比较宏观的层面来把握问题，抽身于细节外看主旨beconvertedinto：被转化为总结

101.相邻句子法：通过未知句与相邻句的顺接和逆接关系，确定本句的总体含义， 进而猜测未知词汇 2.文章的感情色彩很重要 3.注意第一段的开头方式，特别注意开头时哪个是作者的观点1995年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants(被告).Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnneBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestudentstoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.26.Theword“liability”(Para.1,Line5)mostprobablymeans“.”A)misfortuneC)disadvantageB)instabilityD)burden逆接A:不幸B：不稳定C：不利之处D：包袱27.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness.A)reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredB)makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapable

11C)isofprimaryimportancetowomenD)oftenenableswomentosucceedquickly28.Bowman'sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness.A)turnsouttobeanobstacletomenB)affectsmenandwomenalikeC)hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomenD)ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen29.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople'sviewsonbeautyareoften.A)practicalC)old-fashionedB)prejudicedD)radical30.Theauthorwritesthispassageto.A)discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractiveB)giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractiveC)demandequalrightsforwomenD)emphasizetheimportanceofappearance2002年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassageWarmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天生的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservation,thatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheone

12protectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheircommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.31.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat.A)itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystemsB)itisinfluencedbysocietyC)ithasrootsinreligiousconflictsD)itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw32.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassageis.A)tocontrolviolencewithinasocietyB)toprotecttheworldfromchaosC)tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevengeD)togivethegovernmentabsolutepower33.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“…inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines5-6,Para.2)?A)Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.B)Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.C)Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.D)Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.responsibility：责任revenge：报仇，报复只要看到以原词解释原句，这种情况都是错误的34.Theword“allegiance”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto.A)loyaltyB)ObjectiveC)survivalD)motive代入法：把这四个单词都带入原文替换我们不知道的词，然后再翻译那句话 loyalty:忠诚objective：目标，目的survival：生存motive：动机state：国家demand：要求代入法的前提条件：对于四个单词全认识；原句话中仅对不认识的单词是障碍代入法：当所有选项中单词全为单个单词且都认识时，可将各个选项逐一代入原文 替换未知词，翻译成中文验证逻辑35.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A)Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.B)Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.C)Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheir

13people.D)Governmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwar1997年1月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer'sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople'simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远……)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装)，includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming(打扮)—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob.”31.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress.A)providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofusB)indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareerC)hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardusD)isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan.A)changepeople'sconservativeattitudestowardstheirlifestylesB)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarket

14D)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships33.Theword“precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto.A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men'sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided首先可用词汇和词汇间的关系来解释这个单词并列关系互相解释词汇关系法：利用未知单词与句内其它单词的关系（主谓、动宾、并列、反义、修饰等），猜测未知单词的含义。 构词方式法34.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomenfindthemselvesindifficultsituationsbecause.A)thevarietyoftheprofessionalclothingistoowideforthemtochooseB)womenaregenerallythoughttobeonlygoodatbeingfashionmodelsC)menaremorefavorablyjudgedformanagerialpositionsD)theyarenotsuretowhatextenttheyshoulddisplaytheirfemininequalitiesthroughclothing35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Dressingforeffect.C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.B)Howtodressappropriately.D)Dressingfortheoccasion.1993年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavehomewhenthey're18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”sayssociologistLarryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Today,unexpectednumbersofyoungadultsarelivingwiththeirparents.“Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass,”declaressociologistAllanSchnaibergofNorthwesternUniversity,whoseson,19,movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths.Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrising,aconditionthatmakeshomeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriageratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsome,theexpenseofanaway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatmanystudentsnowattendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduation,youngpeoplefindtheirwingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts.Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermotheragreed,“It'sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatmoneyforrent.Itmakessenseforkidstostayathome.”Butsharingthefamilyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesandprivacy.Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDelTurco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes—andleftthreetimes.“WhatI

15consideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredanalcoholproblem,”sheexplains.“HeneverlikedanyoneIdated,soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthematfriends'houses.”Justhowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingon?Mostpsychologistsfeellengthyhomecomingsareamistake.Childrenstrugglingtoestablishseparateidentities,canendupwith“asenseofinadequacy,defeatandfailure.”Andagingparents,whoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedom,findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisits,however,canworkbeneficially.21.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasonceatrendintheU.S..A)formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparentsB)foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependentlyC)formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsenceD)foryoungadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents六级阅读文章的取材多取自欧美的常见主流媒体的杂志中22.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaccountforyoungadultsreturningtothenest?A)Youngadultsfindhousingcoststoohigh.B)Quiteanumberofyoungadultsattendlocalschools.C)Youngadultsseekparentalcomfortandmoralsupport.D)Youngadultsarepsychologicallyandintellectuallyimmature.accountfor：使产生23.Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat.A)theyoungadultstendtobeoverprotectedbytheirparentsB)mostparentsfinditdifficulttokeepabiggerfamilygoingC)therewillinevitablybeinconveniencesineverydaylifeD)publicopinionisagainstyoungadultsstayingwiththeirparents24.Theword“hassles”inthepassage(Para.3,Line4)probablymeans.A)quarrelsC)disadvantagesB)worriesD)agreements25.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthebestforbothparentsandchildren?A)Theyshouldadjustthemselvestosharingthefamilyexpenses.B)Childrenshouldleavetheirparentswhentheyaregrownup.C)Adultchildrenshouldvisittheirparentsfromtimetotime.D)Parentsshouldsupporttheiradultchildrenwhentheyareintrouble.提出问题-分析问题-解决问题senseless：荒唐的，无聊的farfrom：远非，绝非remarriage：再婚shelter：避难所excessively：过度地 tuition:学费scholarship：奖学金clip:剪

16clipone'swings:扼杀雄心skyrocket：迅速上升不要过分依赖关键词，将文章逻辑摸清楚adjustment：调整，适应over：有关于socialdrink：应酬总结1.利用时间状态词来寻找答案 2.在某个段落中，常有列举排除的题目 3.关键词不一定非得在原文中出现或以同义词出现 4.词汇的修饰关系可以很好用来猜测 5.解决办法提问的题目一般出现于文章结尾处2003年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Icameawayfrommyyearsofteachingontilecollegeanduniversitylevelwithaconvictionthatenactment(扮演角色),performance,dramatizationarethemostsuccessfulformsofteaching.Studentsmustbeincorporated,made,sofaraspossible,anintegralpartofthelearningprocess.Thenotionthatlearningshouldhaveinitanelementofinspiredplaywouldseemtothegreaterpartoftheacademicestablishmentmerelysilly,butthatisnonethelessthecase.OfEzekielCheever,themostfamousschoolmasteroftheMassachusettsBayColony,hisonetimestudentCottonMatherwrotethathesoplannedhislessonsthathispupils“cametoworkasthoughtheycametoplay,”andAlfredNorthWhitehead,almostthreehundredyearslater,notedthatateachershouldmakehis/herstudents“gladtheywerethere.”Since,wearetold,80to90percentofallinstructioninthetypicaluniversityisbythelecturemethod,weshouldgivecloseattentiontothisformofeducation.Thereis,Ithink,muchtruthinPatriciaNelsonLimerick’sobservationthat“lecturingisanunnaturalact,anactforwhichGoddidnotdesignhumans.Itisperfectlyallright,nowandthen,forahumantobepossessedbytheurgetospeak,andtospeakwhileothersremainsilent.Buttodothisregularly,onehourand15minutesatatime…foronepersontodragonwhileotherssitinsilence?...IdonotbelievethatthisiswhattheCreator...designedhumanstodo.”Thestrange,almostincomprehensiblefactisthatmanyprofessors,justastheyfeelobligedtowritedully,believethattheyshouldlecturedully.Toshowenthusiasmistoriskappearingunscientific,unobjective;itistoappealtothestudents’emotionsratherthantheirintellect.Thustheideallectureisonefilledwithfactsandreadinanunchangedmonotone.Thecult(推崇)oflecturingdully,likethecultofwritingdully,goesback,ofcourse,someyears.EdwardShils,professorofsociology,recallstheprofessorsheencounteredattheUniversityofPennsylvaniainhisyouth.Theyseemed“apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing;theyneverreferredtoanythingpersonal.Somereadfromoldlecturenotesandthenhaltinglyexplainedthethumb-wornlastlines.Otherslecturedfromcardsthathadservedforyears,tojudgebythewornedges....Theteachersbeganontime,endedontime,andlefttheroomwithoutsayingawordmoretotheir

17students,veryseldombeingdetainedbyquestioners....Theclasseswerenotlarge,yettherewasnodiscussion.Noquestionswereraisedinclass,andtherewerenoofficehours.”26.Theauthorbelievesthatasuccessfulteachershouldbeableto______.A)makedramatizationanimportantaspectofstudents’learningB)makeinspiredplayanintegralpartofthelearningprocessC)improvestudents’learningperformanceD)makestudyjustaseasyasplay27.Themajorityofuniversityprofessorspreferthetraditionalwayoflecturinginthebeliefthat______.A)itdrawsthecloseattentionofthestudentsB)itconformsinawaytothedesignoftheCreatorC)itpresentscoursecontentinascientificandobjectivemannerD)ithelpsstudentstocomprehendabstracttheoriesmoreeasily28.Whattheauthorrecommendsinthispassageisthat______.A)collegeeducationshouldbeimprovedthroughradicalmeasuresB)morefreedomofchoiceshouldbegiventostudentsintheirstudiesC)traditionalcollegelecturesshouldbereplacedbydramatizedperformancesD)interactionshouldbeencouragedintheprocessofteaching29.Bysaying“Theyseemed‘apriesthood,ratherunevenintheirmeritsbutuniformintheirbearing…’”(Lines3-4,Para.4),theauthormeansthat______.A)professorsareagroupofprofessionalsthatdifferintheiracademicabilitybutbehaveinthesamewayB)professorsarelikepriestswearingthesamekindofblackgownbuthavingdifferentrolestoplayC)thereisnofundamentaldifferencebetweenprofessorsandprieststhoughtheydifferintheirmeritsD)professorsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniausedtowearblacksuitswhichmadethemlooklikepriestsuniform：制服uniform在此处的词性是什么？形容词正确答案中，很少出现引号内的原词,一旦出现可认为是错误答案 uni-:合在一起uniform做形容词时意思是一致的30.Whoseteachingmethodisparticularlycommendedbytheauthor?A)EzekielCheever’s.B)AlfredNorthWhitehead’s.C)CottonMather’s.D)PatriciaNelsonLimerick’s.总结

181.猜词题用的最多的仍旧是相邻句子法,所涵盖的信息量是最多最全的 2.猜词是很重要的 英文的词汇能力有两种，其中猜词能力更重要没有查字典之前先对词进行推测 3.记单词时尽量发出声音，念文章时千万不要发出声音细节题基本知识复习回顾两点重要问题： 1、对于六级里面的选择题文章应该怎么去处理？ 2、对于猜词题怎么去处理？题型总结细节题： 只询问文章某一句话的题目 特征：1、题干当中不可以有其他题的特征 2、内容信息量，这句话在题干里一定会包含很多有关于原文当中的信息 做题的两个步骤：1、查找：找到文章里对应的那句话 ①找出关键线索词②按照顺序原则答题定位 2、验证①把这句话原原本本地读懂，然后再去找选项里能抓出来的信息 ②利用原文当中存在的某些特定的元素或单词，到选项里边找出 这个单词所对应的一些同义替换词或其他一些元素1991年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to24arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Automationreferstotheintroductionofelectroniccontrolandautomaticoperationofproductivemachinery.Itreducesthehumanfactors,mentalandphysicalinproduction,andisdesignedtomakepossiblethemanufactureofmoregoodswithfewerworkers.ThedevelopmentofautomationinAmericanindustryhasbeencalledthe“SecondIndustrialRevolution.”Labour'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertaintyabouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesinjobs.Inthemain,labourhastakentheviewthatresistancetotechnicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultofautomationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitisexpectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterestoflabourliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,unionspokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomationshouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,moreleisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.

19Toprotecttheinterestsoftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadoptedanumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionofsupplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasizedthatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirectfinancialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhaveastrongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausetheleastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Someunionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthatpermanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybasedonlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe“improvementfactor”,whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedonincreasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlabourwillrelymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafullshareinthefruitsofautomation.21.Thoughlabourworriesabouttheeffectsofautomation,itneverdoubtsthat.A)automationwilleventuallypreventunemploymentB)automationwillhelpworkersacquirenewskillsC)automationwilleventuallybenefittheworkersnolessthantheemployers.D)automationisatrendwhichcannotbestopped22.Theideaofthe“improvementfactor”(Para.3,Line8)impliesroughly.A)wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthofserviceB)thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercostsshouldbesharedbyworkersC)supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplansshouldbepromotedD)thetransitiontoautomationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumofinconvenienceanddistresstoworkers23.Inordertogetthefullbenefitsofautomation,labourwilldependmostlyon.A)additionalpaymenttothepermanentlydismissedworkersB)theincreaseofwagesinproportiontotheincreaseinproductivityC)shorterworkinghoursandmoreleisuretimeD)strongdriveforplanningnewinstallations24.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?A)Advantagesanddisadvantagesofautomation.B)Labourandtheeffectsofautomation.C)Unemploymentbenefitplansandautomation.D)Socialbenefitsofautomation.labour工人automation自动化automatic自动的arisesfrom来自于，产生于majorchange重大的改变unfruitful徒劳无功的三一律：细节题的答案只能在定位原句的上句、本句和下句中寻找，并且只能由其中某一句得到练习PassageTwo

20Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisignoredwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan“Monkeysee,monkeydo.”Lookatitfromthechild'spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacket(叫嚷)isunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreaffectionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers;whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusesomepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.26.Thestatementthatchildrenlearnbyimitationisincompletebecause.A)theyonlyimitateauthoritiesandexpertsB)theyarenotwillingtocopytheirparentsC)theprocessofidentificationhasbeenignoredD)thenatureoftheirimitationasaformofbehaviourhasbeenneglected27.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningbyimitationis.A)theneedtofindanauthorityB)theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultC)theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsD)thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup28.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresults,achildshouldalsolearnto.A)behaveproperlyC)showhisaffectionforhisparents

21B)attainhisgoalassoonaspossibleD)talkquietly29.Childrentendtoimitatetheirmodels.A)whodonotcriticizethemB)whobringthemunexpectedrewardsC)whomtheywanttobelikeD)whosesocialstatusishigh30.“Anidentifyingfigure”(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson.A)whoservesasamodelforothersB)whoisalwayssuccessfulC)whocanbedependeduponD)whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess1994年1月真题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“mastery”—feelingimportantandworth-while-andthesourcesofwhatwecallasense“pleasure”-findinglifeenjoyable-arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold“Youcan’thaveitall.”Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:“Youchoseacareer,soyoucan’texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife.”or“Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren—What’sallthisaboutwantingacareer?”Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(自尊),asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe“doing”sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimensions,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(乐观).Itistiedmorecloselytothe“feeling”sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman’swell-beingisenhanced(增进)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles-marriages,motherhood,andemploymentwerethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat________.A)forwomen,asenseof“mastery”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“pleasure”

22B)forwomen,asenseof“pleasure”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“mastery”C)womencan’thaveasenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”atthesametimeD)asenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”arebothindispensabletowomen（D）37.Theauthor’sattitudetowardswomenhavingacareeris________.A)criticalB)positiveC)neutralD)realistic（B）38.Onecanconcludefromthepassagethatifawomantakesonseveralsocialroles,________.A)itwillbeeasierforhertoovercomestressandstrainB)shewillbemoresuccessfulinhercareerC)herchancesofgettingpromotedwillbegreaterD)herlifewillbericherandmoremeaningful（D）39.Whichofthefollowingcanbeidentifiedasasourceof“pleasure”forwomen?A)FamilylifeB)RegularemploymentC)MultiplerolesinsocietyD)Freedomfromanxiety（A）40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe________.A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomenB)SourcesofMasteryandPleasureC)TwoAspectsofWomen’sWell-BeingD)FreedomRolesWomeninSocietybalance平衡 desperate绝望的 full-time全职的1998年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskin-deep.One'sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon'tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnot-so-beautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.Un-American,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieties(虔诚)whileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup—collegestudents,perhaps,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmanagers—apieceofpaperrelating

23anindividual'saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaverage-lookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwhoaspire(追求)tomanagerialpositionsdonotgetonaswellaswomenwhomaybelessattractive.21.Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager.A)aperson'spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuchB)aperson'soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualificationC)womenshouldalwaysdressfashionablyD)womenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohigh-minded22.Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat.A)peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone'sbestB)womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwellC)good-lookingwomenaspiretomanagerialpositionsD)attractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot23.Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattuibrtes.A)theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskin-deepB)theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupportC)theygiveordinary-lookingpersonsthelowestratingsD)theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual'saccomplishments24.“Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Line1,Para.5)meansthat. A)attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobsB)good-lookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverythingC)beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomen.D)attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld.A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomen

24are B)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewellC)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewellD)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformenevaluate评价attuibrte特点、特色count数数 countonsth.指望...Makeeverydaycount.让每一天都过得有意义 bedressedtokill打扮的花枝招展hair-do发型make-up化妆 makeupone'sface化妆cosmetics化妆品toilet化妆品temperament气质conduct操作，进行，指挥semi-conduct半导 semi-conductor半导体selfish自私snobbish势利promote升职alliteration头韵mouth说话contrary相反的relatesbtosb;relatesthtosth把某事和某事联系在一起 relate讲述accomplishment成就attachsthtosth把某物和某物连接在一起likelihood可能性invariably一成不变地vary变化重点线索单词： 1、人名、地名、时间、数字、专有名词 2、引号 3、贬义词或不认识的专业术语 4、本题的特征词汇练习题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:TheAmericanbabyboomafterthewarmadeunconvincingU.S.advicetopoorcountriesthattheyrestraintheirbirths.However,therehashardlybeenayearsince1957inwhichbirthrateshavenotfallenintheUnitedStatesandotherrichcountries,andin1976thefallwasespeciallysharp.BothEastGermanyandWestGermanyhavefewerbirthsthantheyhavedeaths,andtheUnitedStatesisonlytemporarilyabletoavoidthisconditionbecausethechildrenofthebabyboomarenowanexceptionallylargegroupofmarriedcouples.ItistruethatAmericansdonottypicallyplantheirbirthstosetanexamplefordevelopingnations.Wearemoreaffectedbywomen'sliberation:oncewomenseeinterestingandwell-paidjobsandcareersavailable,theyarelesswillingtoprovidefreelaborforchildraising.Fromcostingnothing,childrensuddenlycometoseemimpossiblyexpensive.Andtothehighcostofchildrenareaddedtheuncertaintiesintroducedbydivorce;couplesareincreasinglyunwillingtosubjectchildrentotheterribleexperienceofmarital(婚姻的)breakdownandthemselvestothedifficultyofraisingachildalone.Thesecircumstances—womenworkingoutsidethehomeandtheinstabilityofmarriage—tendtospreadwithindustrialsocietyandtheywillaffectmoreandmorecountriesduringtheremainderofthiscentury.Alongwiththemgoessocialmobility,ambitiontoriseintheurbanworld,amainfactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthenineteenthcentury.

25Foodshortagewillhappenagainwhenthereservesresultingfromthegoodharvestsof1976and1977havebeenconsumed.Urbanizationislikelytocontinue,withthecitiesofthedevelopingnationsstrugglingundertheweightoftwicetheirpresentpopulationsbytheyear2000.Thepresentlyrichcountriesareapproachingastablepopulationlargelybecauseofthechangedplaceofwomen,andtheyincidentallyaresettinganexampleofrestrainttotherestoftheworld.Industrialsocietywillspreadtothepoorcountries,andaspirations(渴望)willexceedresources.Allthiswillleadtoapopulationinthetwenty-firstcenturythatissmallerthanwasfearedafewyearsago.Forthoseanxioustoseeworldpopulationbroughtundercontrolthenewsisencouraging.36.Duringtheyearsfrom1957to1976,thebirthrateoftheUnitedStates.A)increasedC)experiencedbothfallsandrisesB)wasreducedD)remainedstable37.WhatinfluencesthebirthratemostintheUnitedStatesis.A)highlypaidjobsC)expensesofchildraisingB)women'sdesireforindependenceD)highdivorcerate38.Thesentence“Fromcostingnothing,childrensuddenlycometoseemimpossiblyexpensive.”(Line4,Para.2)impliesthat.A)foodandclothingforbabiesarebecomingincrediblyexpensiveB)pricesaregoingupdramaticallyallthetimeC)toraisechildrenwomenhavetogiveupinterestingandwell-paidjobsD)socialdevelopmenthasmadechild-raisinginexpensive39.AchieffactorinbringingdownthebirthsinEuropeinthe19thcenturyis.A)birthcontrolC)theinstabilityofmarriageB)thedesiretoseekfortuneincitiesD)thechangedplaceofwomen40.Thepopulationinthe21stcentury,accordingtothewriter,.A)willbesmallerthanafewyearsagoB)willnotbeassmallaspeopleexpectC)willprovetobeathreattotheworldD)willnotconstituteasseriousaproblemasexpectedmobility流动性urban城市的suburban郊区的rural农村的，乡村的2003年1月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.GermanChancellor(首相)OttoVonBismarckmaybemostfamousforhismilitaryanddiplomatictalent,buthislegacy(遣产)includesmanyoftoday'ssocialinsuranceprogramsDuringthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Germany,alongwithotherEuropeannations,experiencedanunprecedentedrashofworkplacedeathsandaccidentsasaresultofgrowingindustrialization.

26MotivatedinpartbyChristiancompassion(怜悯)forthehelplessaswellasapracticalpoliticalimpulsetoundercutthesupportofthesocialistlabormovement,ChancellorBismarckcreatedthe world'sfirstworkers'compensationlawin1884. By1908,theUnitedStateswastheonlyindustrialnationintheworldthatlackedworkers'compensationinsurance.America'sinjuredworkerscouldsuefordamagesinacourtoflaw,buttheystillfacedanumberoftoughlegalbarriers.Forexample,employeeshadtoprovethattheirinjuriesdirectlyresultedfromemployernegligenceandthattheythemselveswereignorantaboutpotentialhazardsintheworkplace.Thefirststateworkers'compensationlawinthiscountrywaspassedin1911,andtheprogramsoonspreadthroughoutthenation. AfterWorldWarⅡbenefitpaymentstoAmericanworkersdidnotkeepupwiththecostofliving. Infact,realbenefitlevelswerelowerinthe1970sthantheywereinthe1940s,andinmoststatesthemaximumbenefitwasbelowthepovertylevelforafamilyoffour.In1970,PresidentRichardNixonsetupanationalcommissiontostudytheproblemsofworkers'compensation.Twoyearslater,thecommissionissued19keyrecommendations,includingonethatcalledforincreasingcompensationbenefitlevelsto100percentofthestates'averageweeklywages. Infact,theaveragecompensationbenefitinAmericahasclimbedfrom55percentofthestates'averageweeklywagesin1972to97percenttoday.But,asmoststudiesshow,every10percentincreaseincompensationbenefitsresultsina5percentincreaseinthenumbersofworkerswhofileforclaims.Andwithsomuchmoremoneyfloatingintheworkers'compensationsystem,it'snotsurprisingthatdoctorsandlawyershavehelpedthemselvestoalargesliceofthegrowingpie. 26.Theworld'sfirstworkers'compensationlawwasintroducedbyBismarck. A)forfearoflosingthesupportofthesocialistlabormovementB)outofreligiousandpoliticalconsiderations C)tospeedupthepaceofindustrialization D)tomakeindustrialproductionsafer 27.WelearnfromthepassagethattheprocessofindustrializationinEurope. A)metgrowingresistancefromlaborersworkingatmachines B)resultedinthedevelopmentofpopularsocialinsuranceprograms C)wasaccompaniedbyanincreasednumberofworkshopaccidents D)requiredworkerstobeawareofthepotentialdangersattheworkplace

2728.OneoftheproblemstheAmericaninjuredworkersfacedingettingcompensationintheearly19thcenturywasthat. A)theyhadtoproduceevidencethattheiremployerswereresponsiblefortheaccident B)America'saveragecompensationbenefitwasmuchlowerthanthecostofliving C)differentstateintheU.S.hadtotallydifferentcompensationprogramsD)theyhadtohavethecouragetosuefordamagesinacourtoflaw29.After1972workers'compensationinsuranceintheU.S.becamemorefavorabletoworkerssothat. A)thepovertylevelforafamilyoffourwentupdrasticallyB)moremoneywasallocatedtotheircompensationsystem C)therewerefewerlegalbarrierswhentheyfiledforclaims D)thenumberofworkerssuingfordamagesincreased 30.Theauthorendsthepassagewiththeimplicationthat. A)compensationbenefitsinAmericaaresoaringtonewheights B)peoplefromallwalksoflifecanbenefitfromthecompensationsystem C)theworkersarenottheonlyonestobenefitfromthecompensationsystem D)moneyfloatinginthecompensationsystemisahugedrainontheU.S.economyunprecedented史无前例的2001年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.ThesefiguresfromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,andafurther35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisoftheslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhisunwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeandconcentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.

28Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanyingnoise(music)inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickering（闪烁）atthecorneroftheirfieldofperception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationofconcentration,silence,solitude(独处的状态)goestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy,thisnewformofpart-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessentialactsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcanpaytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,byheart;theexpressionisvital.Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic(心理的),andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthanthosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswenowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwilltoucheveryfacetofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustrycansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.31.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is.A)ratherbleakC)veryimpressiveB)fairlybrightD)quiteencouraging32.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis.A)elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassicsB)thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.C)themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireofreadingD)thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass33.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis.A)theirfondnessofmusicandTVprogramsB)theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliteratureC)theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstandingD)theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput

2934.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis.A)totheabletoappreciateitandmemorizeitB)toanalyzeitsessentialfeaturesC)tothinkitoverconscientiouslyD)tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue35.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels.A)upsetB)uncertainC)alarmedD)pessimisticliteracy文化水平、读写能力lessthan与其说...还不如说....overwhelming压倒性的、根本性的luxurious奢侈的，浪费的middle-class中等程度的unwillingness不情愿domesticity家庭生活concentration集中注意力classic古老的，经典的literate有文化的人illiterate文盲accompanying伴随的，相伴的simultaneous同时的simultaneousinterpretion同声传译input信息输入conflicting互相冲突，互相矛盾intuition本能的violation干扰，破坏distraction干扰apprehension理解concentration注意力的集中renders给予...东西letalone更不用说paytributeto对...进行赞美transformations改变，改革dramatic显著的，著名的broughtabout产生，带来fact方面bleak不好的，凄凉的，苍白的阅读部分：两篇社科类，两篇自然类文章2002年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Navigationcomputers,nowsoldbymostcar-makers,cost$2000andup.Nosurprise,then,thattheyaremostoftenfoundinluxurycars,likeLexus,BMWandAudi.Butitisadevelopingtechnology—meaningpricesshouldeventuallydrop—andthemarketdoesseem

30tobegrowing.Evenatcurrentprices,anavigationcomputerisimpressive.Itcanguideyoufrompointtopointinmostmajorcitieswithpreciseturn-by-turndirections—spokenbyaclearhuman-soundingvoice,andwrittenonascreeninfrontofthedriver.Thecomputerworkswithanantenna（天线）thattakessignalsfromnofewerthanthreeofthe24globalpositioningsystem(GPS)satellites.Bymeasuringthetimerequiredforasignaltotravelbetweenthesatellitesandtheantenna,thecar’slocationcanbepinneddownwithin100meters.Thesatellitesignals,alongwithinputsonspeedfromawheel-speedsensoranddirectionfromameter,determinethecar’spositionevenasitmoves.Thisinformationiscombinedwithamapdatabase.Streets,landmarksandpointsofinterestareincluded.Mostsystemsarebasicallyidentical.Thedifferencescomeinhardware—thewaythecomputeracceptsthedriver’srequestfordirectionsandthewayitpresentsthedrivinginstructions.Onmostsystems,adriverentersadesiredaddress,motorwayjunctionorpointofinterestviaatouchscreenordisc.ButtheLexusscreengoesastepfurther:youcanpointtoanyspotonthemapscreenandgetdirectionstoit.BMW’ssystemoffersasetofcrosshairs（瞄准器上的十字纹）thatcanbemovedacrossthemap(youhaveseveralchoicesofmapscale)topickapointyou’dliketogetto.Audi’sscreencanbeswitchedtoTVreception.Eventhevoicesthatrecitethedirectionscandiffer,withbettersystemslikeBMW’sandLexus’shavingawidervocabulary.TheinstructionsareavailableinFrench,German,Spanish,DutchandItalian,aswellasEnglish.Thedrivercanalsochooseparametersfordeterminingtheroute:fastest,shortestornofreeways(说，高速公路),forexample.21.Welearnfromthepassagethatnavigationcomputers.A)willgreatlypromotesalesofautomobilesB)mayhelpsolvepotentialtrafficproblemsC)arelikelytobeacceptedbymoredriversD)willsoonbeviewedasasymbolofluxury22.Withanavigationcomputer,adriverwilleasilyfindthebestroutetohisdestination.A)byinputtingtheexactaddressB)byindicatingthelocationofhiscarC)bycheckinghiscomputerdatabaseD)bygivingvocalorderstothecomputer23.Despitetheirvarieddesigns,navigationcomputersusedincars.

31A)aremoreorlessthesamepriceB)providedirectionsinmuchthesamewayC)workonmoreorlessthesameprinciplesD)receiveinstructionsfromthesamesatellites24.Thenavigationcomputerfunctions.A)BymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetectorB)BasicallyonsatellitesignalsandamapdatabaseC)Mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirectionsD)Byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals25.ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow.A)theimmaturityofthenewtechnologyB)thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystemC)thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipmentD)thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedrivernavigation导航luxury本意为奢侈的，此处指豪华车pindown确定alongwith和......一起input输入=反义output输出meter米,计量器,测量仪器database数据库identical动词形式identify辩认,确认此处为形容词完全一致的,相同的requestfor要求,询问motorway高速公路=freewayjunction结合点,结合部位mapscale地图比例switch转化beavailable可以使用,可以利用parameter限定的范围2002年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchess（公爵夫人）OfWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.ImyselfhaveFantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?Allreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeople

32refrainfromeating,andexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat－orevenonlysomewhatoverweight－isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsession(迷恋)withthinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingoverweightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,mayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory(虚荣)。26．Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat.A)theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtueB)lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortuneC)beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredqualityD)religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous27.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor.A)hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlifeB)couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrackC)hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelativesD)hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes28.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight.A)werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefsB)changedfromtimetotimeC)variedbetweenthepoorandtherichD)ledtodifferentmoralstandards

3329.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness.A)fromaneconomicandeducationalperspectiveB)fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofviewC)fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpointD)inthelightofmoralprinciples30.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?A)Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.B)Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.C)Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.D)Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.late已故的embody体现deem被看作、被当作fantasy幻想slipinto偷偷溜进beonadiet节食gooffthetrack偏离正轨repellent令人讨厌的rafrainfromdoing戒除...克制自己不去做某事excessive过分的salvation拯救fuel燃料；给...提供燃料；刺激 correlate等同于digestivesystem消化系统hazardous危险的（＝dengerous）overall总体的prevail流行的beabsorbin迷恋（=obsession）2003年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofthelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenthatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincethedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.

34Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.D)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause______.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdevelopedC)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment_______.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?

35A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.take……alone把……单独拿出来说principal首要的，重要的 proportion比例attain获得，达到leisure休闲的swamp人群蜂拥而至 sweepover席卷depression萧条，经济的后退betteroff变得更好bear负担copewith解决……onthescale在……层面上attempt尝试 decent合适的2004年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itwastheworsttragedyinmaritime(航海的)history,sixtimesmoredeadlythantheTitanic.WhentheGermancruiseshipWilhelmGustloffwashitbytorpedoes(鱼雷)firedfromaRussiansubmarineinthefinalwinterofWorldWarII,morethan10,000people-mostlywomen,children andoldpeoplefleeingthefinalRedArmypushintoNaziGermany-werepackedaboard.Anicestormhadturnedthedecksintofrozensheetsthatsenthundredsoffamiliesslidingintotheseaastheshiptiltedandbegantogodown.Othersdesperatelytriedtoputlifeboatsdown.Somewhosucceededfoughtoffthoseinthewaterwhohadthestrengthtotrytoclawtheirwayaboard.Mostpeoplefrozeimmediately.Tllneverforgetthescreams,"saysChristaNtitzmann,87,oneofthe 1,200survivors.Sherecallswatchingtheship,brightlylit,slippingintoitsdarkgrave-andintoseemingnothingness,rarelymentionedformorethanhalfacentury.NowGermany'sNobelPrize-winningauthorGtinterGrasshasrevivedthememoryofthe9,000dead,includingmorethan4,000children-withhislatestnovelCrabWalk,publishedlast month.Thebook,whichwillbeoutinEnglishnextyear,doesn'tdwellonthesinking;itsheroineisapregnantyoungwomanwhosurvivesthecatastropheonlytosaylater:"Nobodywantedtohear aboutit,nothereintheWest(ofGermany)andnotatallintheEast."Thereasonwasobvious.AsGrassputitinarecentinterviewwiththeweeklyDieWoche:"BecausethecrimesweGermansareresponsibleforwereandaresodominant,wedidn'thavetheenergylefttotellofourownsufferings.''ThelongsilenceaboutthesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwasprobablyunavoidable-and

36necessary.Byunreservedlyowninguptotheircountry'smonstrouscrimesintheSecondWorldWar,Germanshavemanagedtowinacceptanceabroad,marginalize(使...不得势)theneo-Nazisathomeandmakepeacewiththeirneighbors.Today'sunifiedGermanyismoreprosperousandstablethanatanytimeinitslong,troubledhistory.Forthat,ahalfcenturyofwillfulforgettingaboutpainfulmemoriesliketheGermanTitanicwasperhapsareasonablepricetopay.ButeventhemostpoliticallycorrectGermansbelievethatthey'yenowearnedtherighttodiscussthefullhistoricalrecord.NottoequateGermansufferingwiththatofitsvictims,butsimplytoacknowledgeaterribletragedy.21.WhydoestheauthorsaythesinkingoftheWilhelmGustloffwastheworsttragedyinmaritimehistory?A)ItwasattackedbyRussiantorpedoes.B)Mostofitspassengerswerefrozentodeath.C)Itsvictimsweremostlywomenandchildren.D)Itcausedthelargestnumberofcasualties.22.HundredsoffamiliesdroppedintotheseawhenA)astrongicestormtiltedtheshipB)thecruiseshipsankallofasuddenC)thebadlydamagedshipleanedtowardonesideD)thefrightenedpassengersfoughtdesperatelyforlifeboats23.TheWilhelmGustlofftragedywaslittletalkedaboutformorethanhalfacenturybecauseGermansA)wereeagertowininternationalacceptanceB)feltguiltyfortheircrimesinWorldWarIIC)adbeenpressuredtokeepsilentaboutitD)wereafraidofoffendingtheirneighbors24.HowdoesGunterGrassrevivethememoryoftheWilhelmGustlofftragedy?A)Bypresentingthehorriblesceneofthetorpedoattack.B)Bydescribingtheship'ssinkingingreatdetail.C)BygivinganinterviewtotheweeklyDieWoche.D)Bydepictingthesurvivalofayoungpregnantwoman.25.ItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatGermansnolongerthinkthatA)theywillbemisunderstoodiftheytalkabouttheWilhelmGustlofftragedyB)theWilhelmGustlofftragedyisareasonablepricetopayforthenation'spastmisdeedsC)GermanyisresponsibleforthehorriblecrimesitcommittedinWorldWarII

37D)itiswrongtoequatetheirsufferingswiththoseofothercountriesdeadly致命的cruiseship巡洋舰tilted倾斜sliding滑lit用火光照亮nothingness什么都没有revivedthememory使...重新恢复生命力dwellon在...上纠缠，在...上暂停dominant占主导地位的unavoidable不可避免的unreservedly毫无保留，不留余地monstrous巨大的equate...with...使....等同于...depicting描绘，描述2004年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Giventhelackoffitbetweengiftedstudentsandtheirschools,itisnotsurprisingthatsuchstudentsoftenhavelittlegoodtosay'abouttheirschoolexperience.Inonestudyof400adulwhohadachieveddistinctioninallareasoflife,researchersfoundthatthree-fifthsoftheseindividualseitherdidbadlyinschoolorwereunhappyinschool.FewMacArthurPrizefellows,winnersoftheMacArthurAwardforcreativeaccomplishment,hadgoodthingstosayabouttheirprecollegiateschoolingiftheyhadnotbeenplacedinadvancedprograms.Anecdotal(名人轶事)reportssupportthis.PabloPicasso,CharlesDarwin,MarkTwain,OliverGoldsmith,andWilliamButlerYeatsalldislikedschool.SodidWinstonChurchill,whoalmostfailedoutofHarrow,aneliteBritishschool.AboutOliverGoldsmith,oneofhisteachersremarked,"Neverwassodullaboy."Oftenthesechildrenrealizethattheyknowmorethantheirteachers,andtheirteachersoftenfeelthatthesechildrenarearrogant,inattentive,orunmotivated.Someofthesegiftedpeoplemayhavedonepoorlyinschoolbecausetheir,giftswerenotscholastic.MaybewecanaccountforPicassointhisway.Butmostfaredpoorlyinschoolnotbecausetheylackedabilitybutbecausetheyfoundschoolunchallengingandconsequentlylostinterest.Yeatsdescribedthelackoffitbetweenhismindandschool:"BecauseIhadfounditdifficulttoattendtoanythinglessinterestingthanmyownthoughts,Iwasdifficulttoteach."Asnotedearlier,giftedchildrenofallkindstendtobestrong-willednonconformists.Nonconformity andstubbornness(andYeats'slevelofarroganceandself-absorption)arelikelytoleadtoConflictswithteachers.Whenhighlygiftedstudentsinanydomaintalkaboutwhatwasimportanttothedevelopment oftheirabilities,theyarefarmorelikelytomentiontheirfamiliesthantheirschoolsorteachers.Awritingprodigy(神童)studiedbyDavidFeldmanandLynnGoldsmithwastaught

38farmoreaboutwritingbyhisjournalistfatherthanhisEnglishteacher.High-IQchildren,inAustraliastudiedbyMiracaGrosshadmuchmorepositivefeelingsabouttheirfamiliesthantheirschools.AbouthalfofthemathematiciansstudiedbyBenjaminBloomhadlittlegoodtosayaboutschool.Theyalldidwellinschoolandtookhonorsclasseswhenavailable,andsomeskippedgrades.26.ThemainpointtheauthorismakingaboutschoolsisthatA)theyshouldsatisfytheneedsofstudentsfromdifferentfamilybackgroundsB)theyareoftenincapableofcateringtotheneedsoftalentedstudentsC)theyshouldorganizetheirclassesaccordingtothestudents'abilityD)theyshouldenrollasmanygiftedstudentsaspossible27.TheauthorquotestheremarksofoneofOliverGoldsmith'steachersA)toprovidesupportforhisargumentB)toillustratethestrongwillofsomegiftedchildrenC)toexplainhowdullstudentscanalsobesuccessfulD)toshowhowpoorOliver'sperformancewasatschool28.PabloPicassoislistedamongthemanygiftedchildrenwhoA)paidnoattentiontotheirteachersinclassB)contradictedtheirteachersmuchtoooftenC)couldnotcopewiththeirstudiesatschoolsuccessfullyD)behavedarrogantlyandstubbornlyinthepresenceoftheirteachers29.Manygiftedpeopleattributedtheirsuccess.A)mainlytoparentalhelpandtheireducationathomeB)bothtoschoolinstructionandtotheirparents'coachingC)moretotheirparents'encouragementthantoschooltrainingD)lesstotheirsystematiceducationthantotheirtalent30.TherootcauseofmanygiftedstudentshavingbadmemoriesoftheirschoolyearsisthatA)theirnonconformitybroughtthemalotoftroubleB)theywereseldompraisedbytheirteachersC)schoolcoursesfailedtoinspireormotivatethemD)teacherswereusuallyfarstricterthantheirparentsGiven考虑到，在...的条件下，在.....前提下fit合适，适合，适宜distinction区别failedoutofschool退学arrogant傲慢accountfor解释conformity循规蹈矩的人

39Nonconformity离经叛道的人stubbornness固执domain领域skippedgrades跳级cateringto迎合...口味，满足...需求2004年6月真题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It'shardlynewsthattheimmigrationsystemisamess.Foreignnationalshavelongbeenslippingacrosstheborderwithfakepapers,andvisitorswhoarriveintheU.S.legitimatelyoftenoverstaytheirlegalwelcomewithoutbeingpunished.ButsinceSept.11,it'sbecomeclearthatterroristshavebeenshrewdlyfactoringtheweaknessesofoursystemintotheirplans.Inadditiontotheirmasteryofforgingpassports,atleastthreeofthe19Sept.11hijackers(劫机者)werehereonexpiredvisas.That'sbeenasafebetuntilnow.TheImmigrationandNaturalizationService(INS)(移民归化局)lackstheresources,andapparentlytheinclination,tokeeptrackoftheestimated2millionforeignerswhohaveintentionallyoverstayedtheirwelcome.Butthislaxness(马虎)towardimmigrationfraudmaybeabouttochange.Congresshasalreadytakensomemodeststeps.TheU.S.A.PatriotAct,passedinthewakeoftheSept.11tragedy,requirestheFBI,theJusticeDepartment,theStateDepartmentandtheINStosharemoredata,whichwillmakeiteasiertostopwatch-listedterroristsattheborder.Butwhat'sreallyneeded,criticssay,iseventougherlawsandmoreresourcesaimedattighteningupbordersecurity.Reformersarecallingforarollbackofrulesthathinderlawenforcement.TheyalsowanttheINStohirehundredsmoreborderpatrolagentsandinvestigatorstokeepillegalimmigrantsoutandtotrackthemdownoncethey'rehere.ReformersalsowanttoseetheINSsetupadatabasetomonitorwhethervisaholdersactuallyleavethecountrywhentheyarerequiredto.Alltheseproposedchangeswerepartofanewborder-securitybillthatpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesbutdiedintheSenatelastweek.BeforeSept.11,legislationofthiskindhadbeenblockedbytwopowerfullobbies:universities,whichrelyontuitionfromforeignstudentswhocouldbekeptoutbythenewlaw,andbusiness,whichreliesonforeignersforcheaplabor.Sincetheattacks,they'vebackedoff.Thebillwouldhavepassedthistimebutforcongressionalmaneuveringsandisexpectedtobereintroducedandtopassnextyear.Alsoontheagendafornextyear:aproposal,backedbysomeinfluentiallaw-makers,tosplittheINSintotwoagencies-agoodcopthatwouldtendtoservicefunctionslikeprocessingcitizenshippapersandabadcopthatwouldconcentrateonborderinspections,deportationandotherfunctions.Onereasonforthedivision,supporterssay,isthattheINShasinrecentyears

40becometoofocusedonservingtouristsandimmigrants.AftertheSept.l1tragedy,theINSshouldpaymoreattentiontoservingthemillionsofordinaryAmericanswhorelyonthenation'sbordersecuritytoprotectthemfromterroristattacks.36.TerroristshaveobviouslytakenadvantageofA)thelegalprivilegesgrantedtoforeignersB)theexcessivehospitalityoftheAmericanpeopleC)theirresponsibilityoftheofficialsatbordercheckpointsD)thelowefficiencyoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService37.WelearnfromthepassagethatcoordinatedeffortswillbemadebyvariousU.S.governmentagenciestoA)refusetherenewingofexpiredvisasB)wardoffterroristsuspectsattheborderC)preventtheforgeryofimmigrationpapersD).limitthenumberOfimmigrantstotheU.S.38.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforeSept.11,alienswithexpiredvisasA)mighthavethemextendedwithouttroubleB)wouldbecloselywatchedbyFBIagentsC)mightstayonforaslongas[heywishedD)wouldliveinconstantfearofdeportation39.ItisbelievedbymanythatalltheseyearstheINSA)hasbeenservingtwocontradictoryfunctionsB)hasbeentooliberalingrantingvisastotouristsandimmigrantsindiscriminatelyC)hasover-emphasizeditsservicefunctionsattheexpenseofthenation'ssecurityD)hasignoredthepleasofthetwopowerfullobbies40.BeforeSept.11,theU.S.CongresshadbeenunabletopassstricterimmigrationlawsbecauseA)theymighthavekeptawayforeignstudentsandcheaplaborB)itwasdifficulttocoordinatetheeffortsofthecongressmenC)educationandbusinesscirclescaredlittleaboutnationalsecurityD)resourceswerenotavailablefortheirenforcementIt'shardlynews不是什么新闻immigration移民mess一团糟fake假的，伪造的shrewdly精明的，聪明的factoring把...变为一个因素，把...变成一个环节mastery很好的掌握forging制造，铸造，锻造

41expired过期的fraud诈骗，欺骗modest微小的inthewakeof随着...而来，在...后面hinder妨碍，阻碍rollback取消，撤销monitor监控backoff屈服maneuverings操控borderinspections边境检查aliens外国人士推理题22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat______. A)hasmadeletterwritinganart B)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunication C)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwas D)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts25.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld_______. A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenare B)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewell C)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewell D)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformen23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause______. A)itincreasesthedangerofwar B)itprovidesservicestoboththegoodandthemalicious C)itmakesdistantcommunicationeasier D)itbreaksupthemulti-generationalhousehold24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit______. A)saveslivesofpeopleinremoteplaces B)enablespeopletolivealoneiftheywantto C)spreadsbothloveandillwill D)replacesmuchwrittencommunication推理题： 题目特征：含有infer,know,learn,imply,because,why,reason,whichofthe following1996年6月真题PassageOneQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:RealpolicemenhardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman'srealliferevolvesroundcriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyer,andwhatismore,hehastoapplyiton

42hisfeet,inthedarkandrain,runningdownastreetaftersomeonehewantstotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchatting.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsad,unimportantpeoplewhoareguiltyofstupid,pettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal:assoonashe'sarrested,thestoryisover.Inreallife,findingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattackslittleeffortisspentonsearching.Havingmadeanarrest,adetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantpressures:first,asmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehaveabsolutelyinaccordancewiththelaw.Secondly,asexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworld,theworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimple-mindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizens,socialworkers,doctors,law-makers,andjudges,who,insteadofeliminatingcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresult,detectivesfeel,isthatnine-tenthsoftheirworkisre-catchingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical(愤世嫉俗的).26.Apolicemanhastobetrainedincriminallawbecause.A)hemustworkhardtohelpreformcriminalsB)hemustbehaveasprofessionallawyersdoC)hemustbeabletotellwhenandwhereacrimeiscommittedD)hemustjustifythearrestshemakesofcriminals27.Whatisthemostsuitablewordthatdescribestheworkofapolicemanaccordingtothepassage?A)DangerousB)DemandingC)DistressingD)Dramatic28.Accordingtothepassage,policemenspendmostoftheirtimeandefforts.A)patrollingthestreet,rainorshineC)collectingandprovidingevidenceB)trackingandarrestingcriminalsD)consultingtherulesoflaw

4329.What'sthepoliceman'sbiggestheadache?A)Hehastogetthemostdesirableresultswithoutbreakingthelawinanyway.B)Hehastojustifyhisarrestswhileunabletoprovidesufficientevidenceinmostcases.C)HecanhardlyfindenoughtimetolearncriminallawwhileburdenedwithnumerouscriminalcasesD)Hehastoprovidethebestpossiblepublicserviceattheleastpossibleexpense30.Whydopolicemenfeelseparatedfromtherestoftheworld?A)Becausetheydonotreceiveduesupportfromsociety.B)Becausetheyfindpeopleinsinceretothem.C)Becausetheyfeelsuperiortosimple-mindedpeoplearoundthem.D)Becausetheyaresuspiciousofthepeoplearoundthem.resemblance相似性resemble和...相像，和...相似revolveround转动，公转involve卷入...当中 volume书的一卷warrant搜查令，生产合格证invalid无效的evidence证据testimony证据purgery伪证罪jury陪审团rule判决verdict判决词lifeimprisonment终身监禁capitalpunishment死刑detention拘留inaccordancewith遵守，按照force队伍1996年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Materialculturereferstothetouchable,material“things”—physicalobjectsthatcanbeseen,held,felt,used—thatacultureproduces.Examiningaculture'stoolsandtechnologycantellusaboutthegroup'shistoryandwayoflife.Similarly,researchintothematerialcultureofmusiccanhelpustounderstandthemusic-culture.Themostvividbodyof“things”init,ofcourse,aremusicalinstruments.Wecannothearforourselvestheactualsoundofanymusicalperformancebeforethe1870swhenthephonograph(留声机)wasinvented,sowerelyoninstrumentsforimportantinformationaboutmusic-culturesintheremotepastandtheirdevelopment.Herewehavetwokindsofevidence:instrumentswellpreservedandinstrumentspicturedinart.Throughthestudyofinstruments,aswellaspaintings,writtendocuments,andsoon,wecanexplorethemovementofmusicfromtheNearEasttoChinaoverathousandyearsago,

44orwecanoutlinethespreadofNearEasterninfluencetoEuropethatresultedinthedevelopmentofmostoftheinstrumentsonthesymphonyorchestra.Sheetmusicorprintedmusic,too,ismaterialculture.Scholarsoncedefinedfolkmusicculturesasthoseinwhichpeoplelearnandsingmusicbyearratherthanfromprint,butresearchshowsmutualinfluenceamongoralandwrittensourcesduringthepastfewcenturiesinEurope,Britain,andAmerica.Printedversionslimitvarietybecausetheytendtostandardizeanysong,yettheystimulatepeopletocreatenewanddifferentsongs.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation(乐谱)hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.Onemoreimportantpartofmusic'smaterialcultureshouldbesingledout:theinfluenceoftheelectronicmedia—radio,recordplayer,taperecorder,television,andvideocassette,withthefuturepromisingtalkingandsingingcomputersandotherdevelopments.Thisisallpartofthe“informationrevolution,”atwentieth-centuryphenomenonasimportantastheindustrialrevolutionwasinthenineteenth.Theseelectronicmediaarenotjustlimitedtomodernnations;theyhaveaffectedmusic-culturesallovertheglobe.21.Researchintothematerialcultureofanationisofgreatimportancebecause.A)ithelpsproducenewculturaltoolsandtechnologyB)itcanreflectthedevelopmentofthenationC)ithelpsunderstandthenation'spastandpresentD)itcandemonstratethenation'scivilization22.Itcanbelearnedfromthispassagethat.A)theexistenceofthesymphonywasattributedtothespreadofNearEasternandChinesemusicB)NearEasternmusichadaninfluenceonthedevelopmentoftheinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraC)thedevelopmentofthesymphonyshowsthemutualinfluenceofEasternandWesternmusicD)themusicalinstrumentsinthesymphonyorchestraweredevelopedonthebasis ofNearEasternmusic23.Accordingtotheauthor,musicnotationisimportantbecause.A)ithasagreateffectonthemusic-cultureasmoreandmorepeopleareabletoreaditB)ittendstostandardizefolksongswhenitisusedbyfolkmusiciansC)itistheprintedversionofstandardizedfolkmusicD)itencouragespeopletopopularizeprintedversionsofsongs

4524.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheintroductionofelectronicmediaintotheworldofmusic.A)hasbroughtaboutaninformationrevolutionB)hasspeededupthearrivalofanewgenerationofcomputersC)hasgivenrisetonewformsofmusiccultureD)hasledtothetransformationoftraditionalmusicalinstruments25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?A)Musicalinstrumentsdevelopedthroughtheyearswillsoonerorlaterbereplacedbycomputers.B)Musiccannotbepassedontofuturegenerationsunlessitisrecorded.C)Folksongscannotbespreadfarunlesstheyareprintedonmusicsheets.D)Thedevelopmentofmusiccultureishighlydependentonitsmaterialaspect. orchestra管弦乐团band乐队symphony交响乐 syn-合在一起synthesize合成syndrome综合症 phone声音classicalmusic古典音乐folkmusic民间音乐 jazz爵士乐popmusic流行音乐rockandroll摇滚乐 R&B节奏布鲁斯rhythm节奏melody旋律 note音符tune曲调blues布鲁斯音乐(蓝调音乐) rap饶舌hip-hop嘻哈hop臀部job-hopping跳槽grass-hopper蚂蚱1997年1月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Clothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketobe.Theytellusagooddealaboutthewearer'sbackground,personality,status,mood,andsocialoutlook.Sinceclothesaresuchanimportantsourceofsocialinformation,wecanusethemtomanipulatepeople'simpressionofus.Ourappearanceassumesparticularsignificanceintheinitialphasesofinteractionthatislikelytooccur.Anelderlymiddle-classmanorwomanmaybealienated(疏远……)byayoungadultwhoisdressedinanunconventionalmanner,regardlessoftheperson'seducation,background,orinterests.

46Peopletendtoagreeonwhatcertaintypesofclothesmean.Adolescentgirlscaneasilyagreeonthelifestylesofgirlswhowearcertainoutfits(套装)，includingthenumberofboyfriendstheylikelyhavehadandwhethertheysmokeordrink.Newscasters,ortheannouncerswhoreadthenewsonTV,areconsideredtobemoreconvincing,honest,andcompetentwhentheyaredressedconservatively.Andcollegestudentswhoviewthemselvesastakinganactiveroleintheirinterpersonalrelationshipssaytheyareconcernedaboutthecostumestheymustweartoplaytheserolessuccessfully.Moreover,manyofuscanrelateinstancesinwhichtheclothingweworechangedthewaywefeltaboutourselvesandhowweacted.Perhapsyouhaveusedclothingtogainconfidencewhenyouanticipatedastressfulsituation,suchasajobinterview,oracourtappearance.Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell-definedprecedentsandrolemodelsforachievingsuccess.Ithasbeenotherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusinessworldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof“masculine”and“feminine”attributestheyshouldconveybytheirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativestowomenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Maleadministratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyformanagerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless“feminine”grooming(打扮)—shorterhair,moderateuseofmake-up,andplaintailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,“Anattractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,butshewon'tgetajob.”31.Accordingtothepassage,thewaywedress.A)providescluesforpeoplewhoarecriticalofusB)indicatesourlikesanddislikesinchoosingacareerC)hasadirectinfluenceonthewaypeopleregardusD)isofparticularimportancewhenwegetoninage32.Fromthethirdparagraphofthepassage,wecanconcludethatyoungadultstendtobelievethatcertaintypesofclothingcan.A)changepeople'sconservativeattitudestowardstheirlifestylesB)helpyoungpeoplemakefriendswiththeoppositesexC)makethemcompetitiveinthejobmarketD)helpthemachievesuccessintheirinterpersonalrelationships33.Theword“precedent”(Line1,Para.4)probablyrefersto.

47A)earlyactsformentofollowasexamplesB)particularplacesformentooccupyespeciallybecauseoftheirimportanceC)thingsthatmenshouldagreeuponD)men'sbeliefsthateverythingintheworldhasalreadybeendecided34.Accordingtothepassage,manycareerwomenfindthemselvesindifficultsituationsbecause.A)thevarietyoftheprofessionalclothingistoowideforthemtochooseB)womenaregenerallythoughttobeonlygoodatbeingfashionmodelsC)menaremorefavorablyjudgedformanagerialpositionsD)theyarenotsuretowhatextenttheyshoulddisplaytheirfemininequalitiesthroughclothing35.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Dressingforeffect.C)Managerialpositionsandclothing.B)Howtodressappropriately.D)Dressingfortheoccasion.1998年1月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsaliva(唾液)slows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide(硫化物).Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

48Formostofus,thesimple,drymouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdrymouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus(粘液).Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol-asmostdo-itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.31.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“________”.A)thriveonB)accountforC)originatefromD)descendfrom（C）32.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?A)Toothtrouble.B)Sulfurrichfood.C)Toomuchexercise.D)Mentalstrain.（D）33.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause________.A)itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducingB)itssmelladdstobadbreathC)itkillssomehelpfulbacteriaD)itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva（D）34.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause________.A)theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenoughB)theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteriaC)theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworseD)theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus（B）35.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat________.A)offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

49B)elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreathC)heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreathD)offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol（A）variety=diversity多样性；类别kind,sort,category,class,school avarietyof几个，若干chronic慢性的，复发性的mask面具；遮盖，遮掩odor气味2001年6月真题PassageFourQuestions35to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.S.hadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheApolloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarslooms（隐约出现）ashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita（未探明之地）.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakealeadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteorite（陨石）fromvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.36.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplacesinthepastwas________.A)todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymight

50B)toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC)tofindnewareasforcolonizationD)topursuecommercialandstateinterests（D）37.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis________.A)internationalcooperationB)scientificresearchC)nationalisticreasonsD)long-termprofits（C）38.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?A)Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B)Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C)Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D)Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.（A）39.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat________.A)withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB)inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbeveryhighC)inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD)withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareatissue（B）40.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould________.A)makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB)confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC)revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD)provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverseventuring探险，冒险routes航道，航线journey到...去旅行blended混合，融合imperatives责任，要求science科学发现loom本意：织布机fading褪色compel驱使track痕迹，脚印interplanetaryspace星际距离stakes赌注，风险highlighted突出，强调highlighted突出，强调conclusive决定性的established使...理论确认，使...理论成立concrete具体的clues线索prevalence流行，繁衍inducement动机initiate启动，发动atissue在争论中

512002年6月真题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudied.Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinanemicfashion,theconcernisonlythatthequestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach,theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,BlackAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.36.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto________.A)beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasuresB)viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspectiveC)guardagainstinterferencefromtheirowncultureD)acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture（B）37.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?A)Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues.B)Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.C)Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.D)Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.（A）

5238.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore________.A)culturallyinteractiveB)culturallybiasedC)culture-orientedD)culture-specific（D）39.Theeticapproachisconcernedwith________.A)thegeneralcharacteristicsofminorityfamiliesB)culture-relatedconceptsofindividualethnicgroupsC)featuressharedbyvariousculturesorethnicgroupsD)theeconomicconditionsofdifferenttypesoffamilies（C）40.Whichofthefollowingistrueoftheethnicminorityfamiliesinthe________U.S.accordingtothepassage?A)Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.B)Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.C)Theydon’tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.D)TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies.precaution谨慎，警惕shedanybiases把偏见带到...东西上去construct建造chinaconstructionbank中国建设银行conductresearchon进行...方面的研究approach方法generalization归纳，总结questionnaire问卷（D）interaction互动社科类的文章越来越多越来越侧重于逻辑关系的推倒2003年6月真题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewhigh-performancecontactlensunderdevelopmentatthedepartmentforappliedphysicsattheUniversityofHeidelbergwillnotonlycorrectordinaryvisiondefectsbutwillenhancenormalnightvisionasmuchasfivetimes,makingpeople’svisionsharperthanthatofcats.Billeandhisteamworkwithanopticalinstrumentcalledanactivemirror—adeviceusedinastronomicaltelescopestospotnewlyemergingstarsandfardistantgalaxies.Connectedtoawave-frontsensorthattracksandmeasuresthecourseofalaserbeamintotheeyeandback,thealuminummirrordetectsthedeficienciesofthecornea,thetransparentprotectivelayercoveringthelensofthehumaneye.Thehighlyprecisedatafromthetwoinstruments—which,Billehopes,

53willonedaybefoundattheopticians(眼镜商)allovertheworld—serveasabasisfortheproductionofcompletelyindividualizedcontactlensesthatcorrectandenhancethewearer’svision.Byday,Bille’scontactlenseswillfocusraysoflightsoaccuratelyontheretina（视网膜）thattheimageofasmallleafortheoutlineofafardistanttreewillbeformedwithasharpnessthatsurpassesthatofconventionalvisionaidsbyalmosthalfadiopter(屈光度).Atnight,thelenseshaveanevengreaterpotential.“Becausethenewlens—incontrasttothealreadyexistingones—alsoworkswhenit’sdarkandthepupiliswideopen,”saysBille,“lenswearerswillbeabletoidentifyafaceatadistanceof100meters”—80metersfartherthantheywouldnormallybeabletosee.Inhisexperimentsnightvisionwasenhancedbyanevengreaterfactor:insemi-darkness,testsubjectscouldseeupto15timesbetterthanwithoutthelenses.Bille’slensesareexpectedtoreachthemarketintheyear2000,andonetentativeplanistousetheInternettotransmitinformationonpatients’visualdefectsfromtheopticiantothemanufacturer,whowillthenproduceandmailthecontactlenseswithinacoupleofdays.Thephysicistexpectsthelensestocostaboutadollarapair,aboutthesameasconventionalone-daydisposablelenses.36.Thenewcontactlensismeantfor________.A)astronomicalobservationsB)thenightblindC)thosewithvisiondefectsD)opticalexperiments（C）37.Whatdothetwoinstrumentsmentionedinthesecondparagraph(Line5)referto?A)Theastronomicaltelescopeandthewave-frontsensor.B)Thealuminummirrorandthelaserbeam.C)Theactivemirrorandthecontactlens.D)Thealuminummirrorandthewave-frontsensor.（D）38.Individualizedcontactlenses(Line7,Para.2)arelensesdesigned________.A)toworklikeanastronomicaltelescopeB)tosuitthewearer’sspecificneedsC)toprocessextremelyaccuratedataD)totestthewearer’seyesight（B）39.AccordingtoBille,withthenewlensesthewearer’svision________.A)willbefarbetteratnightthaninthedaytimeB)maybebroadenedabout15timesthanwithoutthemC)canbebetterimprovedinthedaytimethanatnightD)willbesharperbyamuchgreaterdegreeatnightthaninthedaytime（D）

5440.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutBille’slenses?A)Theirproductionprocessiscomplicated.B)Theywillbesoldataverylowprice.C)Theyhavetobereplacedeveryday.D)PurchaseorderscanbemadethroughtheInternet.contactlens隐形眼镜spot观察，发现galaxy星系transparent透明individualized个人化outline轮廓pupil瞳孔subject实验对象tentative尝试性的，实验性的主旨题基本知识复习:猜词题---细节题---推理题---主旨题 一般来说,在主旨题的题干中会出现如下特征单词: mainidea主要思想 mainlyabout主要关于... beconcernedwith这篇文章关于... focuson...焦点是... argue论证、指出 sumup总结 summarize总结 besttitle最佳标题 writingpurpose写作目的 writingintention写作目的怎样做好主旨题？ 查找主题句的方式：1开门见山 2柳暗花明 主题单词的特征：1在主题句中一定出现并全部出现 2在第一段中有重复机率 3在各段主题中有重复机率 4各题题干和正确答案中有重复机率 5主题句中有感情色彩词，则该词一定属于主题词2003年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isby

55hissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature.Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,”saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,’theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends.”ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.,hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught.TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders.ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing”andsaid“MBAswanttomoveuptoofast,theydon’tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren’tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they’reoutlookingforotherjobs.”Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen’smovement.BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon’tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness”,saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines?A)Scornful.B)Appreciative.C)Envious.D)Realistic.（A）22.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevalueofMBAdegreeshadbeenfueledmainlyby________.A)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployersB)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAs

56C)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplinesD)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork（B）23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtotheHarvardBusinessReview?A)Theyareusuallyself-centered.B)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy.C)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs.D)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople.（D）24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs________.A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquicklyB)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmatesC)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltrainingD)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture（D）25.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms.B)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.C)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree.D)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses.controversy:争论、争议 contro- contrary:相反的 contradiction：矛盾fueln.燃料v.推动、促进borne为bear的过去分词bornethemarkof:带着...的记号lowly:低等的、卑微的commerce：商业commercial:商业的,贸易的commercialization:商业化oncampuses:在大学校园里tree-lined：绿树成行的discipline：学科ivorytower：象牙塔fictional：虚构的fiction：小说drama：戏剧dramatize：演绎的functionv.动作，起作用的teamspirit:团队精神teamwork:团队合作teamplayer:团队合作者motivating：激励、鼓舞workmate：工作伙伴colleague：同事schoolmate:校友classmate:同学roommate:室友1997年6月真题PassageThree

57Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject(研究对象).Tooclosearelation,andthewritermayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking'sbiography—notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesus(耶稣)foundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe“authentic”one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis“authorized”bythesubject;thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation.“Unauthorized”biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the“unauthorized”characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell“the”storyofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.31.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho.A)possessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubjectB)isclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingC)isindependentandtreatsthesubjectwithfairnessandobjectivityD)knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsaproperdistancefromhim32.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat.

58A)biographiescanservedifferentpurposesB)biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects'livesC)thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfiguresD)thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders33.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?A)Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.B)Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.C)Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.D)Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.34.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause. A)itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyB)itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersC)itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelifeD)itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofsubject'scharacter35.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson.A)thesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersB)thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjobC)thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiographyD)thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographiesbiographer:传记作者biography:传记shaky:摇晃的withrespectto:有关于,根据characteristics:特点,特色例证作用题:题干里以例证的信息作为线索,要求指出支持的观点 1答案一般为例证前后总结信息 2例证本身信息不是答案demo:人名cracy:力量democratic:民主motive:动机 Other:它能体现本句和前句的逻辑关系是并列bemeantto:旨在做...1999年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

59Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫学家)MarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression. Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成条件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.21.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity.A)wasalteredC)wasweakenedB)wasstrengthenedD)wasnotaffected22.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto.A)turnofftheelectricityB)trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

60C)becomeabnormallysuspiciousD)behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations23.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat.A)theyassociateditwithstomachachesB)itaffectedtheirimmunesystemsC)itledtostomachpainsD)theydislikeditstaste24.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat.A)thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemB)theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindC)theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinD)theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning25.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals.A)canbealteredbyelectricshocksB)canbeweakenedbyconditioningC)canbesuppressedbydruginjectionsD)canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinconcluded：带有concluded的题目，若出于五道题的前两题，则询问主旨；若出于后三题，则询问末段主旨Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.天助自助者。 helpless:无奈的，无能为力的immunesystem：免疫系统response：反应de-：向下press：压，按depressed：抑制，压制current：n.电流，海流，水流adj.现在的，流行的currently:adv.现在actively：积极的passively:被动的，消极的bychance：偶然byaccident:偶然startling:吓人的startle:惊吓alter：改变simultaneously：同时feeding：喂养sweetener：使变甜的东西 inject：打针，注射drug：毒药sup-：向下press：压，按upset：不适，不爽extinguish：消除，fireextinguisher：灭火器 speculate：推测，推论servedto...：起到...的作用alone：单靠...，仅靠...

611995年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Aneweraisuponus.Callitwhatyouwill:theserviceeconomy,theinformationage,theknowledgesociety.Italltranslatestoafundamentalchangeinthewaywework.Alreadywe'repartlythere.ThepercentageofpeoplewhoearntheirlivingbymakingthingshasfallendramaticallyintheWesternWorld.TodaythemajorityofjobsinAmerica,EuropeandJapan(twothirdsormoreinmanyofthesecountries)areintheserviceindustry,andthenumberisontherise.Morewomenareintheworkforcethaneverbefore.Therearemorepart-timejobs.Morepeopleareself-employed.Butthebreadthoftheeconomictransformationcan'tbemeasuredbynumbersalone,becauseitalsoisgivingrisetoaradicalnewwayofthinkingaboutthenatureofworkitself.Long-heldnotionsaboutjobsandcareers,theskillsneededtosucceed,eventherelationbetweenindividualsandemployers—allthesearebeingchallenged.Wehaveonlytolookbehindustogetsomesenseofwhatmaylieahead.Noonelookingahead20yearspossiblycouldhaveforeseenthewaysinwhichasingleinvention,thechip，wouldtransformourworldthankstoitsapplicationsinpersonalcomputers,digitalcommunicationsandfactoryrobots.Tomorrow'sachievementsinbiotechnology,artificialintelligenceorevensomestillunimaginedtechnologycouldproduceasimilarwaveofdramaticchanges.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhopossessit,whethertheyworkinmanufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.Computerknowledgewillbecomeasbasicarequirementastheabilitytoreadandwrite.Theabilitytosolveproblemsbyapplyinginformationinsteadofperformingroutinetaskswillbevaluedaboveallelse.Ifyoucastyourmindahead10years,informationserviceswillbepredominant.Itwillbethewayyoudoyourjob.21.Acharacteristicoftheinformationageisthat.A)theserviceindustryisrelyingmoreandmoreonthefemaleworkforceB)manufacturingindustriesaresteadilyincreasingC)peoplefinditharderandhardertoearnalivingbyworkinginfactoriesD)mostofthejobopportunitiescannowbefoundintheserviceindustry22.Oneofthegreatchangesbroughtaboutbytheknowledgesocietyisthat.A)thedifferencebetweentheemployeeandtheemployerhasbecomeinsignificantB)people'straditionalconceptsaboutworknolongerholdtrueC)mostpeoplehavetotakepart-timejobsD)peoplehavetochangetheirjobsfromtimetotime23.Byreferringtocomputersandotherinventions,theauthormeanstosaythat.A)peopleshouldbeabletorespondquicklytotheadvancementoftechnologyB)futureachievementsintechnologywillbringaboutinconceivabledramaticchangesC)theimportanceofhightechnologyhasbeenoverlookedD)computersciencewillplayaleadingroleinthefutureinformationservices24.Thefuturewillprobablybelongtothosewho.

62A)possessandknowhowtomakeuseofinformationB)givefullplaytotheirbrainpotentialC)involvethemselvesinserviceindustriesD)casttheirmindsaheadinsteadoflookingback25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A)ComputersandtheKnowledgeSocietyB)ServiceIndustriesinModernSocietyC)FeaturesandImplicationsoftheNewEraD)RapidAdvancementofInformationTechnologyera：时代 文章的主旨想在第一句话开头的话有三种方法： 1、让这句话变成一个问题 2、让整个第一段只有这一句话 3、把这句话写得尤其的简短、有力、凝练、抽象、概括1994年1月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcanexceedthejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisimportanttoyou!Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyoucomeacrossaccidentally—orasuddeninsight,fittingtogetherpiecesofinformationorworkingthroughaproblem.Suchpersonalencountersarethe“payoff”ineducation.Ateachermaydirectyoutolearningandevenencourageyouinit—butnoteachercanmaketheexcitementorthejoyhappen.That'suptoyou.Aresearchpaper,assignedinacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor,leadsyoubeyondclassrooms,beyondthetextsforclassesandintoaprocesswherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.Preparingtheresearchpaperisanactiveandindividualprocess,andideallearningprocess.Itprovidesastructurewithinwhichyoucanmakeexcitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Buttheresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,tosuitapieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowotherswhatyoucando.Writingaresearchpaperismorethanjustaclassroomexercise.Itisanexperienceinsearchingout,understandingandsynthesizing,whichformsthebasisofmanyskillsapplicabletobothacademicandnonacademictasks.Itis,inthefullestsense,adiscovering,aneducation.So,toproduceagoodresearchpaperisbothausefulandathoroughlysatisfyingexperience!Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpages,oftenmorethaneverproducedbefore,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtoworkindependentlyisthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacletoovercome.Instead,consideritagoaltoaccomplish,agoalwithinreachifyouusethehelpthisbookcangiveyou.31.Accordingtothewriter,personaldiscoveries.A)willgiveoneencouragementanddirectionB)arehelpfulinfindingtherightinformation

63C)arethemostvaluablepartofone'spersonaleducationD)willhelponetosuccessfullycompleteschoolassignments32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwritingaresearchpapergivesonechances.A)tofullydevelopone'spersonalabilitiesB)tousetheskillslearntintheclassroomC)toprovethatoneisaproductivewriterD)todemonstratehowwellonecanaccomplishschoolassignment33.Fromthecontext,theword“disconcerting”(Para.3,Line2)mostprobablymeans.A)misleadingB)embarrassingC)stimulatingD)upsetting34.Thewriterarguesinthepassagethat.A)oneshouldexplorenewareasinresearchB)oneshouldtrustone'sownabilitytomeetcourserequirementsC)oneshouldconsiderresearchpaperwritingapleasure,notaburdenD)oneshoulduseallone'sknowledgeandskillswhendoingresearch35.Whatwillprobablyfollowthispassage?A)Howtowritearesearchpaper.B)Theimportanceofresearchineducation.C)Howtomakenewdiscoveriesforoneself.D)Theskillofputtingpiecesofinformationtogether.PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Inourculture,thesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“mastery”—feelingimportantandworthwhile—andthesourcesofwhatwecallasenseof“pleasure”—findinglifeenjoyable—arenotalwaysidentical.Womenoftenaretold“Youcan'thaveitall.”Sometimeswhatthespeakerreallyissayingis:“Youchoseacareer,soyoucan'texpecttohavecloserrelationshipsorahappyfamilylife.”or“Youhaveawonderfulhusbandandchildren—what'sallthisaboutwantingacareer?”Butwomenneedtounderstandanddevelopbothaspectsofwell-being,iftheyaretofeelgoodaboutthemselves.Ourstudyshowsthat,forwomen,well-beinghastwodimensions.Oneismastery,whichincludesself-esteem(自尊),asenseofcontroloveryourlife,andlowlevelsofanxietyanddepression.Masteryiscloselyrelatedtothe“doing”sideoflife,toworkandactivity.Pleasureistheotherdimension,anditiscomposedofhappiness,satisfactionandoptimism(乐观).Itistiedmorecloselytothe“feeling”sideoflife.Thetwoareindependentofeachother.Awomancouldbehighinmasteryandlowinpleasure,andviceversa.Forexample,awomanwhohasagoodjob,butwhosemotherhasjustdied,mightbefeelingverygoodaboutherselfandincontrolofherworklife,butthepleasuresidecouldbedamagedforatime.Theconceptsofmasteryandpleasurecanhelpusidentifythesourcesofwell-beingforwomen,andremedypastmistakes.Inthepast,womenwereencouragedtolookonlyatthefeelingsideoflifeasthesourceofallwell-being.Butweknowthatbothmasteryandpleasurearecritical.

64Andmasteryseemstobeachievedlargelythroughwork.Inourstudy,allthegroupsofemployedwomenratedsignificantlyhigherinmasterythandidwomenwhowerenotemployed.Awoman'swell-beingisenhanced(增进)whenshetakesonmultipleroles.Atleastbymiddleadulthood,thewomenwhowereinvolvedinacombinationofroles—marriages,motherhood,andemployment—werethehighestinwell-being,despitewarningsaboutstressandstrain.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.A)forwomen,asenseof“mastery”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“pleasure”B)forwomen,asenseof“pleasure”ismoreimportantthanasenseof“mastery”C)womencan'thaveasenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”atthesametimeD)asenseof“mastery”andasenseof“pleasure”arebothindispensabletowomen37.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswomenhavingacareeris.A)criticalB)positiveC)neutralD)realistic38.Onecanconcludefromthepassagethatifawomantakesonseveralsocialroles,.A)itwillbeeasierforhertoovercomestressandstrainB)shewillbemoresuccessfulinhercareerC)herchancesofgettingpromotedwillbegreaterD)herlifewillbericherandmoremeaningful39.Whichofthefollowingcanbeidentifiedasasourceof“pleasure”forwomen?A)Familylife.C)Multiplerolesinsociety.B)Regularemployment.D)Freedomfromanxiety.40.Themostappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe.A)Thewell-beingofCareerWomenC)TwoAspectsofWomen'sWell-BeingB)SourcesofMasteryandPleasureD)MultipleRolesofWomeninSocietysufficient：足够的detail：细节greenspace：绿化地带inhabitant：居民，住民 inhabit：栖息，居住habitation：栖息，居住habitat：栖息地1995年1月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thecompetitionamongproducersofpersonalcomputersisessentiallyaracetogetthebest,mostinnovativeproductstothemarketplace.Marketersinthisenvironmentfrequentlyhavetomakeajudgmentastotheircompetitors'rolewhenmakingmarketingstrategydecisions.Ifmajorcompetitorsarechangingtheirproducts,thenamarketermaywanttofollowsuittoremaincompetitive.AppleComputer,Inc.hasintroducedtwonew,fasterpersonalcomputers,theMackintoshⅡandMackintoshSE,inanticipationoftheintroductionofanewPCbyIBM,oneofApple'smajorcompetitors.Apple'snewcomputersaremuchfasterandmorepowerfulthanitsearliermodels.The

65improvedMackintoshisabletorunprogramsthatpreviouslywereimpossibletorunonanApplePC,includingIBM-compatible(兼容的)programs.Thiscompatibilityfeatureillustratescomputermanufacturers'newattitudeofgivingcustomersthefeaturestheywant.MakingApplecomputerscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareisApple'seffortatmakingtheMackintoshcompatiblewithIBMcomputersandthusmorepopularintheoffice,whereApplehopestoincreasesales.UsersofthenewApplecanalsoaddaccessories(附件)tomaketheirmachinesspecializeinspecificuses,suchasengineeringandwriting.Thenewcomputersrepresentabigimprovementoverpastmodels,buttheyalsocostmuchmore.Companyofficialsdonotthinkthehigherpricewillslowdownbuyerswhowanttostepuptoamorepowerfulcomputer.ApplewantstostayintheHigh-priceendofthepersonalcomputermarkettofinanceresearchforevenfaster,moresophisticatedcomputers.EventhoughAppleandIBMaremajorcompetitors,bothcompaniesrealizethattheircompetitor'scomputershavecertainfeaturesthattheirownmodelsdonot.TheApplelinehasalwaysbeenpopularforitssophisticatedcolorgraphics(图形),whereastheIBMmachineshavealwaysbeenfavoredinoffices.Inthefuture,therewillprobablybemorecompatibilitybetweenthetwocompanies'products,whichnodoubtwillrequirethatbothAppleandIBMchangemarketingstrategies.26.Accordingtothepassage,AppleComputer,Inc,hasintroducedtheMackintoshⅡandtheMackintoshSEbecause.A)IBMischangingitscomputermodelscontinuouslyB)itwantstomakeitsmachinesspecializeinspecificusesC)itwantstostayaheadofIBMinthecompetitivecomputermarketD)itexpectsitsmajorcompetitorIBMtofollowitsexample27.ApplehopestoincreaseMackintoshsaleschieflyby.A)makingitsnewmodelscapableofrunningIBMsoftwareB)improvingthecolorgraphicsofitsnewmodelsC)copyingthemarketingstrategiesofIBMD)givingthecustomerswhattheywant28.Applesellsitsnewcomputermodelsatahighpricebecause.A)theyhavenewfeaturesandfunctionsB)theyaremoresophisticatedthanothermodelsC)theyhavenewaccessoriesattachedD)itwantstoaccumulatefundsforfutureresearch29.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbothAppleandIBMtrytogainacompetitiveadvantageby.A)copyingeachother'stechnologyB)incorporatingfeaturesthatmaketheirproductsdistinctiveC)makingtheircomputersmoreexpensiveD)makingtheircomputersrunmuchfaster

6630.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe.A)Apple'sEffortstoStayAheadofIBMC)Apple'sNewpersonalComputersB)Apple'sNewComputerTechnologyD)Apple'sResearchActivities1998年1月真题PassageTwoQuestion26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Notcontentwithitsdoubtfulclaimtoproducecheapfoodforourownpopulation,thefactoryfarmingindustryalsoarguesthat“hungrynationsarebenefitingfromadvancesmadebythepoultry(家禽)industry”.Infact,ratherthanhelpingthefightagainstmalnutrition(营养不良)in“hungrynations”,thespreadoffactoryfarminghas,inevitablyaggravatedtheproblem.Large-scaleintensivemeatandpoultryproductionisawasteoffoodresources.Thisisbecausemoreproteinhastobefedtoanimalsintheformofvegetablematterthancaneverberecoveredintheformofmeat.Muchofthefoodvalueislostintheanimal'sprocessofdigestionandcellreplacement.Neither,inthecaseofchicken,canoneeatfeathers,blood,feetorhead.Inall,onlyabout44%oftheliveanimalfitstobeeatenasmeat.Thismeansonehastofeedapproximately9_10timesasmuchfoodvaluetotheanimalthanonecanconsumefromthecarcass.Asasystemforfeedingthehungry,theeffectscanprovedisastrous.Attimesofcrisis,grainisthefoodoflife.Nevertheless,thehugeincreaseinpoultryproductionthroughoutAsiaandAfricacontinues.NormallyBritishorUSfirmsareinvolved.Forinstance,anAmericanbasedmultinationalcompanyhasthisyearannounceditsinvolvementinprojectsinseveralAfricancountries.Britain'slargestsuppliersofchickens,RossBreeders,arealsoinvolvedinprojectsallovertheworld.Becausesuchtradeisgoodforexports,Westerngovernmentsencourageit.In1979,afirminBangladeshcalledPhoenixPoultryreceivedagranttosetupaunitof6,000chickensand18,000layinghens.Thisalmostdoubledthenumberofpoultrykeptinthecountryallatonce.ButBangladeshlackscapital,energyandfoodandhaslargenumbersofunemployed.Suchchicken-raisingdemandscapitalforbuildingandmachinery,extensiveuseofenergyresourcesforautomation,andinvolvesfeedingchickenswithpotentialfamine-reliefproteinfood.Atpresent,oneofBangladesh'smainimportsisfoodgrains,becausethecountryisunabletogrowenoughfoodtofeeditspopulation.Onwhatthencantheypossiblyfeedthechicken?26.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.A)efficiencymustberaisedinthepoultryindustryB)raisingpoultrycanprovidemoreproteinthangrowinggrainC)factoryfarmingwilldomoreharmthangoodtodevelopingcountriesD)hungrynationsmaybenefitfromthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustry27.Accordingtotheauthor,infactoryfarming,vegetablefood.A)iseasyforchickenstodigestB)isinsufficientfortheneedsofpoultryC)isfullyutilizedinmeatandeggproductionD)isinefficientlyconvertedintomeatandeggs28.WesterngovernmentsencouragethepoultryindustryinAsiabecausetheyregarditasan

67effectivewayto.A)boosttheirownexportsB)alleviatemalnutritioninAsiancountriesC)createjobopportunitiesinAsiancountriesD)promotetheexportsofAsiancountries29.Theword“carcass”(Line2,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“”.A)vegetablespreservedforfutureuseB)thedeadbodyofananimalreadytobecutintomeatC)expensivefoodthatconsumerscanhardlyaffordD)meatcannedforfutureconsumption30.Whatthelastparagraphtellsusistheauthor's.A)detailedanalysisofthewaysofraisingpoultryinBangladeshB)greatappreciationofthedevelopmentofpoultryindustryinBangladeshC)criticalviewonthedevelopmentofthepoultryindustryinBangladeshD)practicalsuggestionfortheimprovementofthepoultryindustryinBangladesh2004年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage,Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It'sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland'slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It'sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfin'ms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat'sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,,ph'onenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda"freetrialoffer"had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They.didn'tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanyde'hiesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.

68Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields"transactionandexperience"information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefa'ms.They'vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Selfregulationdoesn'twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that"allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential."ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn't"sell"yourdataatall.Itmerely"shares"itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.31.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople'sprivacyA)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettapingB)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSC)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBID)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles32.WeknowfromthepassagethatA)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits33.Whenthe"freetrial"deadlineisover,you'llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceifA)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodB)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberC)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactoryD)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline34.BusinessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecauseA)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicyB)itisconsidered"transactionandexperience"informationunprotectedbylawC)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicD)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation35.WecaninferfromthepassagethatA)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedC)consumers'privacywillcontinuetobeinvadedD)"freetrial"practicewilleventuallybebannedspyingon:刺探spy:n.间谍Federalagentsagent:密探sector:行业，部门outdo：胜过，超过out-：超出，胜出outnumber：数目超过outpace：超过...速度outweigh：在重量(或价值等)上超过activist：激进主义分子Congress：国会privacylaws：隐私法legislators：立法者lean

69：倾向于，倾斜 track：n.轨道，痕迹v.追踪atwill：自由的，肆意的lawsuit：诉讼 your：泛指的人称try:v.试trial:n.试用，试验；庭审offer：邀请 deadline：期限charge：收费；充电；冲锋inchargeof：管理mining：n.矿,矿产v.挖掘data：数据enforce：实施，实行文章主旨的感情色彩和重要话题可以作为其他题目的选择标准。2003年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Takethecaseofpubliceducationalone.Theprincipaldifficultyfacedbytheschoolshasbeenthetremendousincreaseinthenumberofpupils.Thishasbeencausedbytheadvanceofthelegalageforgoingintoindustryandtheimpossibilityoffindingajobevenwhenthelegalagehasbeenreached.Inviewofthetechnologicalimprovementsinthelastfewyears,businesswillrequireinthefutureproportionatelyfewerworkersthaneverbefore.Theresultwillbestillfurtherraisingofhelegalageforgoingintoemployment,andstillfurtherdifficultyinfindingemploymentwhenhatagehasbeenattained.Ifwecannotputourchildrentowork,wemustputtheminschool.Wemayalsobequiteconfidentthatthepresenttrendtowardashorterdayandashorterweekwillbemaintained.Wehavedevelopedandshallcontinuetohaveanewleisureclass.Alreadythepublicagenciesforadulteducationareswampedbythetidethathassweptoverthemsincedepressionbegan.Theywillbelittlebetteroffwhenitisover.Theirsupportmustcomefromthetaxpayer.Itissurelytoomuchtohopethattheseincreasesinthecostofpubliceducationcanbebornebythelocalcommunities.Theycannotcareforthepresentrestrictedandinadequatesystem.Thelocalcommunitieshavefailedintheireffortstocopewithunemployment.Theycannotexpecttocopewithpubliceducationonthescaleonwhichwemustattemptit.TheanswertotheproblemofunemploymenthasbeenFederalrelief.Theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationmayhavetobemuchthesame,andproperlyso.Ifthereisonethinginwhichthecitizensofallpartsofthecountryhaveaninterest,itisinthedecenteducationofthecitizensofallpartsofthecountry.Ourincometaxnowgoesinparttokeepourneighborsalive.Itmayhavetogoinpartaswelltomakeourneighborsintelligent.WearenowattemptingtopreservethepresentgenerationthroughFederalreliefofthedestitute(贫民).OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire.31.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A)Howtopersuadelocalcommunitiestoprovidemorefunds.B)Howtocopewiththeshortageoffundsforpubliceducation.C)Howtosolvetherisingunemploymentproblem.D)Howtoimprovethepubliceducationsystem.（B）32.Whatisthereasonfortheincreaseinthenumberofstudents?A)Therequirementofeducatedworkersbybusiness.B)Raisingofthelegalageforgoingtowork.C)Thetrendtowardashorterworkday.D)People’sconcernforthefutureofthenextgeneration.（B）33.Thepublicagenciesforadulteducationwillbelittlebetteroffbecause________.A)theunemployedaretoopoortocontinuetheireducationB)anewleisureclasshasdeveloped

70C)theyarestillsufferingfromthedepressionD)anincreaseintaxescouldbeaproblem（D）34.Accordingtotheauthor,theanswertotheproblemofpubliceducationisthattheFederalgovernment________.A)shouldallocateFederalfundsforpubliceducationB)shoulddemandthatlocalcommunitiesprovidesupportC)shouldraisetaxestomeettheneedsofpubliceducationD)shouldfirstofallsolvetheproblemofunemployment（A）35.Whydoestheauthorsay“OnlyapeopledeterminedtoruinthenextgenerationwillrefusesuchFederalfundsaspubliceducationmayrequire”(Lines10-11,Para.3)?A)OnlybyappropriatingadequateFederalfundsforeducationcanthenextgenerationhaveabrightfuture.B)CitizensofallpartsofthecountryagreethatthebestwaytosupporteducationistouseFederalfunds.C)Peoplealloverthecountryshouldmakecontributionstoeducationintheinterestofthenextgeneration.D)EducatedpeoplearedeterminedtousepartoftheFederalfundstohelpthepoor.take……alone把……单独拿出来说principal首要的，重要的proportion比例attain获得，达到leisure休闲的swamp人群蜂拥而至sweepover席卷depression萧条，经济的后退betteroff变得更好bear负担copewith解决……onthescale在……层面上attempt尝试decent合适的态度题练习题Unit1PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Whathasthetelephonedonetous,orforus,inthehundredyearsofitsexistence?Afeweffectssuggestthemselvesatonce.Ithassavedlivesbygettingrapidwordofillness,injury,orfirefromremoteplaces.Byjoiningwiththeelevatortomakepossiblethemulti-storyresidenceorofficebuilding,ithasmadepossible—forbetterorworse—themoderncity.Bybringingaboutagreatleapinthespeedandeasewithwhichinformationmovesfromplacetoplace,ithasgreatlyacceleratedtherateofscientificandtechnologicalchangesandgrowthinindustry.Beyonddoubtithasseriouslyweakenedifnotkilledtheancientartofletterwriting.Ithasmadelivingalonepossibleforpersonswithnormalsocialimpulses;bysodoing,ithasplayedaroleinoneofthegreatestsocialchangesofthiscentury,thebreakupofthemulti-generationalhousehold.Ithasmadethewarchillinglymoreefficientthanformerly.Perhaps,thoughnotprovably(可证实)，ithaspreventedwarsthatmighthavearisenoutofinternationalmisunderstandingcausedbywrittencommunication.Orperhaps—againnotprovably—bymagnifyingandextendingirrationalpersonalconflictsbasedonvoicecontact,ithascausedwars.Certainlyithasextendedthescopeofhumanconflicts,sinceitimpartiallydisseminates(传播)theusefulknowledgeofscientistsand

71thenonsenseoftheignorant,theaffectionoftheaffectionateandthemalice(恶意)ofthemalicious.21.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A)Thetelephonehashelpedtosavepeoplefromillnessandfire.B)Thetelephonehashelpedtopreventwarsandconflicts.C)Thetelephonehasmadethemoderncityneitherbetternorworse.D)Thetelephonehashadpositiveaswellasnegativeeffectsonus.22.Accordingtothepassage,itisthetelephonethat.A)hasmadeletterwritinganartB)haspreventedwarsbyavoidingwrittencommunicationC)hasmadetheworlddifferentfromwhatitwasD)hascausedwarsbymagnifyingandextendinghumanconflicts23.Thetelephonehasintensifiedconflictsamongpeoplebecause.A)itincreasesthedangerofwarB)itprovidesservicestoboththegoodandthemaliciousC)itmakesdistantcommunicationeasierD)itbreaksupthemulti-generationalhousehold24.Theauthordescribesthetelephoneasimpartialbecauseit.A)saveslivesofpeopleinremoteplacesB)enablespeopletolivealoneiftheywanttoC)spreadsbothloveandillwillD)replacesmuchwrittencommunication25.Thewriter'sattitudetowardstheuseofthetelephoneis.A)affectionateC)approvingB)disapprovingD)neutral2003年1月真题PassageOne Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld'sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration). TheMBA,a20th-centuryproduct,alwayshasbornethemarkoflowlycommerceandgreed(贪婪)onthetree-linedcampusesruledbypurerdisciplinessuchasphilosophyandliterature. Butevenwiththerecessionapparentlycuttingintothehiringofbusinessschoolgraduates,about79,000peopleareexpectedtoreceiveMBAsin1993.Thisisnearly16timesthenumberofbusinessgraduatesin1960,atestimonytothewidespreadassumptionthattheMBAisvitalforyoungmenandwomenwhowanttoruncompaniessomeday.“Ifyouaregoingintothecorporateworlditisstilladisadvantagenottohaveone,"saidDonaldMorrison,professorofmarketingandmanagementscience.“Butinthelastfiveyearsorso,whensomeonesays,

72‘ShouldIattempttogetanMBA,'theansweralotmoreis:Itdepends." ThesuccessofBillGatesandothernon-MBAs,suchasthelateSamWaltonofWal-MartStoresInc.hashelpedinspireself-consciousdebatesonbusinessschoolcampusesovertheworthofabusinessdegreeandwhethermanagementskillscanbetaught. TheHarvardBusinessReviewprintedalively,fictionalexchangeofletterstodramatizecomplaintsaboutbusinessdegreeholders. ThearticlecalledMBAhires“extremelydisappointing"andsaid“MBAswantstomoveuptoofast,theydon'tunderstandpoliticsandpeople,andtheyaren'tabletofunctionaspartofateamuntiltheirthirdyear.Butbythen,they'reoutlookingforotherjobs." Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光环)offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness. Enrollmentinbusinessschoolsexplodedinthe1970sand1980sandcreatedtheassumptionthatnoonewhopursuedabusinesscareercoulddowithoutone.Thegrowthwasfueledbyabacklash(反冲)againsttheanti-businessvaluesofthe1960sandbythewomen'smovement. BusinesspeoplewhohavehiredorworkedwithMBAssaythosewiththedegreesoftenknowhowtoanalyzesystemsbutarenotsoskillfulatmotivatingpeople.“Theydon'tgetalotofgroundinginthepeoplesideofthebusiness,"saidJamesShaffer,vice-presidentandprincipaloftheTowersPerrinmanagementconsultingfirm.21.AccordingtoParagraph2,whatisthegeneralattitudetowardsbusinessoncampusesdominatedbypurerdisciplines? A)Envious.B)Scornful.C)Realistic.D)Appreciative. 22.ItseemsthatthecontroversyoverthevaluesofMBAdegreeshasbeenfueledmainlyby. A)thesuccessofmanynon-MBAs B)thecomplaintsfromvariousemployers C)thepoorperformanceofMBAsatwork D)thecriticismfromthescientistsofpurerdisciplines 23.WhatisthemajorweaknessofMBAholdersaccordingtoTheHarvardBusinessReview? A)Theyarenotgoodatdealingwithpeople. B)Theykeepcomplainingabouttheirjobs. C)Theyareusuallyself-centered. D)Theyareaggressiveandgreedy. 24.FromthepassageweknowthatmostMBAs. A)canclimbthecorporateladderfairlyquickly B)cherishunrealisticexpectationsabouttheirfuture C)quittheirjobsoncetheyarefamiliarwiththeirworkmates D)receivesalariesthatdonotmatchtheirprofessionaltraining

7325.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout? A)Adebateheldrecentlyonuniversitycampuses. B)DoubtsabouttheworthofholdinganMBAdegree. C)WhythereisanincreasedenrollmentinMBAprograms. D)ThenecessityofreformingMBAprogramsinbusinessschools.2003年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthevillagesoftheEnglishcountrysidetherearestillpeoplewhorememberthegoodolddayswhennoonebotheredtolocktheirdoors.Theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryabout.Amazingly,thesehappytimesappearstilltobewithusintheworld’sbiggestcommunity.AnewstudybyDanFarmer,agiftedprogrammer,usinganautomatedinvestigativeprogramofhisowncalledSATAN,showsthattheownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors.SATANcantryoutavarietyofwell-knownhacking(黑客的)tricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin.Farmerhasmadetheprogrampubliclyavailable,amidmuchcriticism.Apersonwithevilintentcoulduseittohuntdownsitesthatareeasytoburgle(闯入…...行窃).ButFarmerisveryconcernedabouttheneedtoalertthepublictopoorsecurityand,sofar,eventshaveprovedhimright.SATANhasdonemoretoalertpeopletotherisksthancausenewdisorder.SoistheNetbecomingmoresecure?Farfromit.Intheearlydays,whenyouvisitedaWebsiteyourbrowsersimplylookedatthecontent.NowtheWebisfulloftinyprogramsthatautomaticallydownloadwhenyoulookataWebpage,andrunonyourownmachine.Theseprogramscould,iftheirauthorswished,doallkindsofnastythingstoyourcomputer.Atthesametime,theNetisincreasinglypopulatedwithspiders,worms,agentsandothertypesofautomatedbeastsdesignedtopenetratethesitesandseekoutandclassifyinformation.Allthesemakewonderfultoolsforantisocialpeoplewhowanttoinvadeweaksitesandcausedamage.Butlet’slookonthebrightside.Giventhelackoflocks,theInternetissurelytheworld’sbiggest(almost)crime-freesociety.Maybethatisbecausehackersarefundamentallyhonest.Orthattherecurrentlyisn’tmuchtosteal.Orbecausevandalism(恶意破坏)isn’tmuchfununlessyouhaveapeculiardislikeforsomeone.Whateverthereason,let’senjoyitwhilewecan.Butexpectitalltochange,andsecuritytobecomethenumberoneissue,whenthemostinfluentialinhabitantsoftheNetaresellingservicestheywanttobepaidfor.21.Bysaying“...ownersofwelloverhalfofallWorldWideWebsiteshavesetuphomewithoutfittinglockstotheirdoors”(Lines3-4,Para.2),theauthormeansthat________.A)thosehappytimesappearstilltobewithus

74B)theresimplywasn’tanycrimetoworryaboutC)manysitesarenotwell-protectedD)hackerstryouttricksonanInternetsitewithoutactuallybreakingin（C）22.SATAN,aprogramdesignedbyDanFannercanbeused________.A)toinvestigatethesecurityofInternetsitesB)toimprovethesecurityoftheInternetsystemC)topreventhackersfrombreakingintowebsitesD)todownloadusefulprogramsandinformation（A）23.Fanner’sprogramhasbeencriticizedbythepublicbecause.A)itcausesdamagetoNetbrowsersB)itcanbreakintoInternetsitesC)itcanbeusedtocausedisorderonallsitesD)itcanbeusedbypeoplewithevilintent（D）24.Theauthor’sattitudetowardSATANis________.A)enthusiasticB)criticalC)positiveD)indifferent（C）25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthat________.A)weshouldmakefulluseoftheInternetbeforesecuritymeasuresarestrengthenedB)weshouldalertthemostinfluentialbusinessmentotheimportanceofsecurityC)influentialbusinessmenshouldgiveprioritytotheimprovementofNetsecurityD)netinhabitantsshouldnotletsecuritymeasuresaffecttheirjoyofsurfingtheInternetbother：招惹，使麻烦Don'tbotherme!别烦我botherto：冒着麻烦...nostalgic：怀旧的Amazingly：惊奇，令人惊奇地community：社区tryout：试验amid：在...中intent：蓄意，意图，目的alert：警告disorder：混乱issue：问题，焦点influential：有影响力的1995年1月真题PassageFourQuestions36to40arebasedonthefollowing.Intheearlydaysofnuclearpower,theUnitedStatesmademoneyonit.Buttodayopponentshavesocomplicateditsdevelopmentthatnonuclearplantshavebeenorderedorbuiltherein12

75years.Thegreatestfearofnuclearpoweropponentshasalwaysbeenareactor“meltdown”(堆内熔化).Today,thechancesofameltdownthatwouldthreatenU.S.publichealthareverylittle.Buttoevenfurtherreducethepossibility,engineersaretestingnewreactorsthatrelynotonhumanjudgementtoshutthemdownbutonthelawsofnature.NowGeneralElectricisalreadybuildingtwoadvancedreactorsinJapan.Butdon’texpectthemeveronU.S.shoresunlessthingschangeinWashington.Theprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsisabaddream.Anytimeduring,orevenafter,construction,anobjectionbyanygrouporindividualcanbringeverythingtoahaltwhilethematterisinvestigatedortakentocourt.Meanwhile,thebuildermustaddnice-but-not-necessaryimprovements,someofwhichforcehimtoknockdownwallsandstartover.Ineverycasewhereaplanthasbeenopposed,theNuclearRegulationCommissionhasultimatelygrantedalicensetoconstructoroperate.Butthevictoryoftencostssomuchthattheutilityendsupabandoningtheplantanyway.AcaseinpointistheShorehamplantonNewYork’sLongIsland.ShorehamwasavirtualtwintotheMillstoneplantinConnecticut,bothorderedinthemid-’60s.Millstone,completedfor$101million,hasbeengeneratingelectricityfortwodecades.Shoreham,however,wassingledoutbyanti-nuclearactivistswho,bysendinginendlessprotests,drovethecostover$5billionanddelayeditsuseformanyyears.Shorehamfinallywonitsoperationlicense.Buttheplanthasneverproducedawattofpower.GovernorMarioCuomo,anopponentofaShorehamstart-up,usedhispowertoforceNewYork’spublic-utilitiescommissiontoacceptthefollowingsettlement;thepowercompanycouldpassthecostofShorehamalongtoitsconsumersonlyifitagreednottooperatetheplant!Today,aperfectlygoodfacility,capableofservicinghundredsofhomes,sitsrusting.36.Whathasmadetheprocedureforlicensingnuclearpowerplantsabaddream?A)TheinefficiencyoftheNuclearRegulationcommission.B)Theenormouscostofconstructionandoperation.C)Thelengthoftimeittakestomakeinvestigations.D)Theobjectionoftheopponentsofnuclearpower.（D）37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that________.A)itisnottechnicaldifficultiesthatpreventthebuildingofnuclearpowerplantsintheU.S.B)therearenotenoughsafetymeasuresintheU.S.forrunningnewnuclearpowerplantsC)therearealreadymorenuclearpowerplantsthannecessaryintheU.S.D)theAmericangovernmentwillnotallowJapanesenuclearreactorstobeinstalledintheU.S.（A）38.Anyobjection,howevertrivialitmaybe,can________.A)forcethepowercompaniestocanceltheprojectB)delaytheconstructionoroperationofanuclearplant

76C)causeaseriousdebatewithintheNuclearRegulationCommissionD)takethebuilderstocourt（B）39.GovernorMario’schiefintentioninproposingthesettlementwasto________.A)stoptheShorehamplantfromgoingintooperationB)helpthepowercompanytosolveitsfinancialproblemsC)urgethepowercompanytofurtherincreaseitspowersupplyD)permittheShorehamplanttooperateundercertainconditions（A）40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofnuclearpoweris________.A)negativeB)neutralC)positiveD)questioningfacility设施，设备opponent：反对者，对手oppo-：反对oppose：反对opposite：街对面1997年1月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itisoftenclaimedthatnuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.Weliveinaconsumersocietywherethereisanenormousdemandforcommercialproductsofallkinds.Moreover,anincreaseinindustrialproductionisconsideredtobeonesolutiontotheproblemofmassunemployment.Suchanincreasepresumesanabundantandcheapenergysupply.Manypeoplebelievethatnuclearenergyprovidesaninexhaustibleandeconomicalsourceofpowerandthatitisthereforeessentialforanindustriallydevelopingsociety.Thereareanumberofotheradvantagesintheuseofnuclearenergy.Firstly,nuclearpower,exceptforaccidents,isclean.Afurtheradvantageisthatanuclearpowerstationcanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff.Thenuclearreactorrepresentsanenormousstepinourscientificevolutionand,whatevertheantinucleargroupsays,itiswrongtoexpectareturntomoreprimitivesourcesoffuel.However,opponentsofnuclearenergypointoutthatnuclearpowerstationsbringadirectthreatnotonlytotheenvironmentbutalsotocivilliberties.Furthermore,itisquestionablewhetherultimatelynuclearpowerisacheapsourceofenergy.Therehave,forexample,beenverycostlyaccidentsinAmerica,inBritainand,ofcourse,inRussia.Thepossibilityofincreasesinthecostofuranium(铀)inadditiontothecostofgreatersafetyprovisionscouldpricenuclearpoweroutofthemarket.Inthelongrun,environmentalistsargue,nuclearenergywastesvaluableresourcesanddisturbstheecologytoanextentwhichcouldbringaboutthedestructionofthehumanrace.Thus,ifwewishtosurvive,wecannotaffordnuclearenergy.Inspiteofthecaseagainstnuclearenergyoutlinedabove,nuclearenergyprogrammesareexpanding.Suchanexpansionassumesacontinualgrowthinindustrial

77productionandconsumerdemands.However,itisdoubtfulwhetherthisgrowthwillorcancontinue.Havingweigheduptheargumentsonbothsides,itseemstherearegoodeconomicandecologicalreasonsforsourcesofenergyotherthannuclearpower.26.Thewriter’sattitudetowardnuclearenergyis________.A)indifferentB)favorableC)tolerantD)negative（D）27.Accordingtotheopponentsofnuclearenergy,whichofthefollowingistrueofnuclearenergy?A)PrimitiveB)ExhaustibleC)CheapD)Unsafe（D）28.Somepeopleclaimthatnuclearenergyisessentialbecause________.A)itprovidesaperfectsolutiontomassunemploymentB)itrepresentsanenormousstepforwardinourscientificevolutionC)itcanmeetthegrowingdemandofanindustriallydevelopingsocietyD)nuclearpowerstationscanberunandmaintainedbyrelativelyfewtechnicalandadministrativestaff（C）29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthewritersupport?A)Thedemandforcommercialproductswillnotnecessarilykeepincreasing.B)Nuclearenergyissomethingwecannotdowithout.C)Uraniumisagoodsourceofenergyforeconomicandecologicalreasons.D)Greatersafetyprovisionscanbringabouttheexpansionofnuclearenergyprogrammes.（A）30.Thefunctionofthelastsentenceisto________.A)advancethefinalargumentB)reflectthewriter’sattitudeC)reversepreviouslyexpressedthoughtsD)showthedisadvantagesofnuclearpowerotherthan：不是...的

781991年6月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnout,andifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynew,theyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’t,andifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformation,alongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.Indeed,Iregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itis,initsway,anilluminationpieceofnews.Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment(启蒙运动)tobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingseemsthewayahead.Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethatrepresentsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimes,weeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblem,orsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthis,wearedepressed.Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorant;thehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorance,theworstspotsandhereandtherethenot-so-badspots,butnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted.Butwearemakingabeginning,andthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeanswered,soonerorlater,includingeventhematterofconsciousness.Tobesure,theremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkup,ever,andthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellect,butthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimits,weshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswers,ifwekeepatitlongenough,andpayattention.31.Accordingtotheauthor,reallygoodscience________.A)wouldsurprisethebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmentB)willproduceresultswhichcannotbeforeseenC)willhelppeopletomaketherightchoiceinadvanceD)willbringaboutdisturbingresults（B）32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsofthe18thcentury________.A)thoughtthattheyknewagreatdealandcouldsolvemostproblemsofscienceB)wereafraidoffacinguptotherealitiesofscientificresearchC)knewthattheywereignorantandwantedtoknowmoreaboutnatureD)didmoreharmthangoodinpromotingman’sunderstandingofnature（B）33.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueofscientistsinearliertimes?A)Theyinventedfalsetheoriestoexplainthingstheydidn’tunderstand.B)Theyfalselyclaimedtoknowallaboutnature.

79C)Theydidnotbelieveinresultsfromscientificobservation.D)Theypaidlittleattentiontotheproblemstheydidn’tunderstand.（A）34.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsscience?A)Heisdepressedbecauseoftheignoranceofscientists.B)Heisdoubtfulbecauseoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.C)Heisconfidentthoughheisawareoftheenormousdifficultiesconfrontingit.D)Heisdelightedbecauseoftheilluminatingscientificfindings.（C）35.Theauthorbelievesthat________.A)mancanfindsolutionstowhateverquestionsconcerningnaturehecanthinkupB)mancannotsolvealltheproblemshecanthinkupbecauseofthelimitsofhumanintellectC)soonerorlatermancanthinkupallthequestionsconcerningnatureandanswerthemD)questionsconcerningconsciousnessareoutsidethescopeofscientificresearchDmind：智者，思想家1996年1月真题PassageThreeQuestions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AsDr.SamuelJohnsonsaidinadifferenteraaboutladiespreaching,thesurprisingthingaboutcomputerisnotthattheythinklesswellthanaman,butthattheythinkatall.Theearlyelectroniccomputerdidnothavemuchgoingforitexceptamarvelousmemoryandsomegoodmathskills.Buttodaythebestmodelscanbewireduptolearnbyexperience,followanargument,askproperquestionsandwritepoetryandwritepoetryandmusic.Theycanalsocarryonsomewhatpuzzlingconversations.Computersimitatelife.Ascomputergetmorecomplex,theimitationgetsbetter.Finally,thelinebetweentheoriginalandthecopybecomesunclear.Inanother15yearsorso,wewillthecomputerasanewformoflife.Theopinionseemsridiculousbecause,foronething,computerslackthedrivesandemotionsoflivingcreatures.Butdrivescarcanbeprogrammedintothecomputer’sbrainjustasnatureprogrammedthemintoourhumanbrainsasapartoftheequipmentforsurvival.Computersmatchpeopleinsomeroles,andwhenfastdecisionsareneededinacrisis,theyoftensurpassthem.Havingevolvedwhenthepaceoflifewasslower,thehumanbrainhasaninherentdefectthatpreventsitfromabsorbingseveralstreamsofinformationsimultaneouslyandactingonthemquickly.Throwtoomanythingsatthebrainonetimeanditfreezesup.Wearestillcontrol,butthecapabilitiesofcomputerareincreasingatafantasticrate,whilerawhumanintelligenceischangingslowly,ifasall.Computerpowerhasincreasedtentimeseveryeightyearssince1946.Inthe1990s,whenthesixthgenerationappears,thereasoningpower

80ofanintelligencebuiltoutofsiliconwillbegintomatchthatofthehumanbrain.Thatdoesnotmeantheevolutionofintelligencehasendedontheearth.Judgingbythehepast,wecanexpectthatanewspecieswillariseoutofman,surpassinghisachievementsthoseofhispredecessor.Onlyacarbonchemistryenthusiastwouldassumethatthenewspeciesmustbeman’sflesh-and-blooddescendants.ThenewkindofintelligentlifeismoreIlikelytobemadeofsilicon.31.WhatdoyousupposetheattitudeofDr.SamuelJohnsontowardsladiespreaching?A)Hebelievedthatladieswerebornworsepreachersthatmen.B)Hewaspleasedthatladiescouldthoughnotaswellasmen.C)Hedisapprovedofladiespreaching.D)Heencouragedladiestopreach.（A）32.Today,computerarestillinferiortomanintermsof________.A)decisionmakingB)drivesandfeelingsC)growthofreasoningpowerD)informationabsorption（B）33.Intermsofmakingquickdecisions,thehumanbraincannotbecomparedwiththecomputerbecause________.A)inthelongprocessofevolutionslowpaceoflifedidn’trequiresuchabilityofthecomputerbecausebrainB)thehumanbrainisinfluencedbyotherfactorssuchasmotivationandemotionC)thehumanbrainmaysometimesfreezeupinadangeroussituationD)theevolutionofimitatelifewhilethehumanbraindocsnotimitatecomputers（C）34.Thoughhethinkhighlyofthedevelopmentofcomputerscience,theauthordoesn’tmeanthat________.A)computersarelikelytobecomeanewformofintelligentlifeB)humanbeingshavelostcontrolofcomputersC)theintelligenceofcomputerswilleventuallysurpasswillthatofhumanbeingsD)theevolutionofintelligencewillprobablydependonthatofelectronicbrains（B）35.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A)Futuremanwillbemadeofsiliconinsteadoffleshandblood.B)Somedayitwillbedifficulttotellacomputerfromaman.C)Thereasoningpowerofcomputershasalreadysurpassedthatofman.D)Futureintelligentlifemaynotnecessarilybemadeoforganicmatter.（D）

81preach：传教，说教As：正如atall：语气的强调，译为：居然五种题型的总结五种类型的题，由小到大排列： 猜测题、细节题、推理题、主旨题、态度题 细节题：考察查找和验证的过程 查找：利用关键线索词和顺序原则互相弥补互相结合去进行查找 验证：查找出重合的元素 细节题干扰项主要集中于： 否定词、比较词、绝对化词、时间状态词 绝对化词:always,only,must,usually,often,all,most细节题的基本做题方法： “三”、正确答案一定是定位于原句所在句的上句、本句和下句其中的某一句。 “一”、只能以其中某一句作答，不能两句不能三句。 推理题 大的推理题注意位置问题 过度推导问题主旨题 主题词的查找问题 主题词的四个特征： 1在主题句中一定出现 2在第一段中重复 3在各段主题中重复 4在各题干和正确答案中重复 在主题句中如果出现感情色彩词，那么它就是主题词猜词题 根据文章的上下文猜测 pre-:...之前态度题简答题基本知识新题型顺序

82 写作、快速阅读、听力、深度阅读 简短回答问题的时间限制：5分钟左右，甚至可能更短 简答题评述： 1评分原则及标准 2给分标准 3扣分标准 ①语言有错误扣0.5分(不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误)。 ②涉及无关内容者扣0.5分。（精确的查找和定位） ③整句原封不动照搬要扣分。（尽量抄） ④考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。答题中常见的语言错误： (1)主谓不一致； (2)时态不对应； (3)连词或起连接作用的副词或短语使用不当； (4)介词使用不当； (5)代词、冠词及其它的限定词使用不当； (6)动名词、分词及动词不定式使用不当； (7)虚拟语气使用不正确； (8)否定形式使用不正确； (9)搭配不当； (10)强调、倒装、省略等句型使用不当； (11)逻辑关系混乱。简答题和选择题的区别： 1题型不一样 2做题方法不一样，直接读题找答案，无须通读全文 3做题顺序不同，应该有意识的按照题型来调节，先做细节题，后做推理题，最后主旨题。简答题样题评析1997年1月真题PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)JoeTemplershouldhaveknownbetter:afterall,heworksforalargeautoinsurancecompany.Itwon’thurttoleavethekeyinthetruckthisonce,hethought,ashefilledhisgastankataselfservicegasstation.Butmomentslatterashewaspayingthemoneyhesawthetruckbeingdrivenaway.In1987,1.6millionmotorvehicleswerestolenintheUnitedStates-oneevery20seconds.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,expertspredictannualvehicletheftscouldexceedtwomillionbytheendofthedecade.Vehicletheftisacommonphenomenon,whichhasadirectimpactonoverfourmillionvictimsayear.Thecostisastonishing.Manypoliceofficialsblameprofessionalthievesforthehighvolumeofthefts.Itisamajormoneymakerfororganizedcrime.Typically,stolencarsaretakentopiecesandthepartssoldtoindividuals.Butasmanyas200,000carsaresmuggledoutofthecountryeveryyear.MostgotoLatinAmerica,theMiddleEastandEurope.

83Onlyabout15percentcartheftsresultinanarrest,becausefewpolicedepartmentsroutinelyconductindepthautoinvestigations.Whenthievesarearrested,judgeswilloftensentencethemtoprobation(缓刑),notimmediatelyputtheminprisonbecausetheprisonsareovercrowdedwithviolentcriminals.OneexceptionisaMichiganprogramthatassigns92policeofficerstoworkfulltimeonthestate’s65,000cartheftcasesayear.Since1986,whentheeffortbegan,thestate’sautotheftratehasfallenfromsecondinthenationtoninth.Howcanyouprotectyourcar?Ifyouliveinahightheftareaordriveanexpensivemodel,considerasecuritysystem.Itmaycostanywherefrom$25to$1,000.Somesystemsengageautomaticallysimplyremovingthekeydisablesthefuelpumpandthestarter.Whencarsareequippedwithsuchsystems,theftsmaydropbyonethird.Insomestates,youmaybeabletouseadevicethattransmitsradiosignals,allowingstolencarstobetrackedbypolice.Questions:71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?________________________________________________________________.Cartheft（stealing）.72.WhatdoestheauthorthinkJoeTemplershouldbeblamedfor?________________________________________________________________.JoeTemplershouldbeblamedforLeavingthekeyinthetruck.(×) Leavethekeyinthetruck.(×)(若没有主语，以动词开头则要变为动名词。) Leavingthekeyinthetruck.(√)73.HowseriousdidtheauthorpredicttheannualvehicletheftcouldintheUnitedStatesin1989?________________________________________________________________.predict：预测，预计annual：年度的vehicle：车辆 theft：偷窃thief：小偷，贼74.Whatarethetwowaysthievessellthestolencars?________________________________________________________________.Sellingtheirpartsorsmugglingoutofthecountry（abroad）.75.Whattypeofsecuritysystemcanhelpthepolicetrackdownastolencar?________________________________________________________________.Adevicethattransmitsradiosignals.auto-insurance：汽车保险Itwon'thurtto：做...不吃亏smuggle：走私

84track：追踪securitysystem：安全系统1998年6月真题PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushear,see,orreadsomeofthemediawhileengagedinotheractivities.Thusanextremelylargenumberofourwakinghoursarespentwiththemassmedia.Ofallthemedia,televisionisclearlydominant,withnewspapersaclosesecond,atleastasasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Ourexposuretoallmediaisimportant,however,becauseallofthemcontributematerialsfortheconstructionofthatworldinourheads.Formostpeople,increaseduseofonemediumdoesnotdecreaseuseofanother.Infact,incertaincases,andespeciallyforcertainpurposes,themoreoneusesonemedium,themorelikelyoneistouseothers.Therearevariousfactorsthatcancauseyoutoexposeyourselftothemediaselectively,avoidingmuchofthematerialwithwhichyoudisagree.Someofthatselectiveexposureisprobablyduetothepsychologicalpressureyoufeeltoavoidthediscomfortcausedbyconfrontationwithfactsandideascontrarytoyourbeliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.However,someselectiveexposureisnotduetothepressureforconsistencybuttootherfactors,suchasyourage,education,andeventheareainwhichyouliveandthepeoplewithwhomyouassociate.Quiteadifferentsortoffactorthataffectsyourmediaexperiencesisthesocialcontextofexposure:whetheryouarealoneorwithotherswhenyouareexposedtoamedium;whetheryouareathome,attheoffice,inatheater,andsoon.Thesecontextsareasmuchasapotentialpartofthemessageyouwillformasfilmimagesonthescreenorwordsonthepage.Inaddition,thatsocialcontextaffects—bothdirectlyandindirectly—themediaandthemediacontenttowhichyoubecomeexposed.Newfriendsorcolleaguesgetyouinterestedindifferentthings.Othermembersofthefamilyoftenselectmediacontentthatyouwouldnothaveselected,andyoubecomeexposedtoit.Therevariousfactorshavesomuchinfluenceonyourmediaexposurethatsolittleofthatexposureisplanned.Questions:(注意:答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。)S1.Exposuretoallmediaisimportantandpeoplesometimestendtousemoremediaif________.S2.Whyarenewspapersconsideredasanimportantmediumaccordingtopassage?S3.Foronereasonoranother,people’sexposuretothemediaisoften________.S4.Apartfrompersonalpreferences,whatdeterminesone’schoiceofthemediaandmedia

85content?S5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageindicatesthatone’sexposuretothemediais________.问题为完整句时，答案的首字母要大写，否则是要算语法错误的。快速阅读题PassageonePizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekintheir310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990'sPizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedtheir40thanniversary,andlaunchedtheirfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuchasbuffalowings,andItaliancheesebread.Thecurrenttrendinpizzachainstodayisthesame.Theyalltrytocomeupwithsomenewer,bigger,better,pizzaforalowprice.Offeringspecialpromotions,andnewpizzavariationsarepopulartodayaswell.Forexample,chickenisnowacommontoppingfoundonpizzas.Inthepast,PizzaHuthasalwayshadthefirstmoveradvantage.Theirmarketingstrategyinthepasthasalwaysbeentobefirst.Oneoftheirmainstrategies,thattheystillfollowtodayisthediversificationoftheproductstheyoffer.PizzaHutisalwaysaddingsomethingnewtotheirmenu,tryingtoreachnewmarkets.Forexample,in1992thefamousbuffetwaslaunchedinPizzaHutrestaurantsworldwide.Theyweretryingtooffermanydifferentfooditemsforcustomerswhodidn'tnecessarilywantpizza.Anotherstrategytheyusedinthepastandarestillusingisthediversificationoftheirpizzas.PizzaHutisalwaystryingtocomeupwithsomeinnovativewaytomakeapizzaintosomethingslightlydifferent-differentenoughthatcustomerswillthinkitsawholenewproduct.Forexample,let'slookatsomeofthepizzasPizzaHuthasmarketedinthepast.In1983,PizzaHutintroducedtheirPanPizza,whichhadaguaranteeofbeingreadytoeatin5minuteswhendiningatPizzaHutrestaurants.In1993,theyintroducedthe"BigFoot,"whichwastwosquarefeetofpizzacutinto21slices.In1995,theyintroduced"StuffedCrustPizza,"wherethecrustwouldbefilledwithcheese.In1997,theymarketed"TheEdge,"whichhadcheeseandtoppingsallthewaytotheedgeofthepizza.Currently,theyaremarketing"TheBigNewYorker,"tryingtobringthefamousNewYorkstylepizzatothewholecountry.

86AnotheropportunitythatPizzaHuthasistheirneworderingonlinesystem.AnyonewithInternetaccesscanorderwhatevertheywishandgetitdeliveredtotheirhousewithoutevenspeakingtosomeone.Thisprogramhasjustbeenstarted,sowedonothaveanynumberstosupportwhetherornotitwillbeasuccess.Lastly,PizzaHuthasalwaysvaluedcustomerserviceandsatisfaction.In1995,PizzaHutbegantwocustomersatisfactionprograms:a1-800numbercustomerhotline,andacustomercall-backprogram.Thesewereimplementedtomakesuretheircustomerswerehappy,andalwayswantedtoreturn.Inourplan,wewillfirstgiveasituationanalysisofcurrentandrelevantenvironmentalconditionsthataffectourplan.Next,wewillgiveabriefanalysisofthecurrentfastfoodindustry,andanytrendsorchangesthatmightoccurinthefuture.However,thefactthatPizzaHutdoeshavearestauranttorunisalsoaweakness.PizzaHuthashigheroverheadcosts,duetotherestaurantthatothercompetitorsdon'thavetodealwith.AnotherresultofhigheroverheadcostsishigherpricesPizzaHutmustcharge.Obviously,PizzaHutisnotthelowcostproducer.Theyrelyontheirqualitypizzaandgoodservicetoaccountfortheirhigherprices.AnindirectweaknessthatPizzaHuthasisthattheyhavelostalotoftheircustomersandmarketshareduetosuchintensecompetitionwithcompetitors.PizzaHut'sopportunitiesarealmostendless.Theycanincreaserevenuewiththeirnewinnovativepizzas,andincreasebrandloyaltywithgoodcustomerservice.PizzaHut'snumberonethreatsarefromtheircompetitors.Currently,theirclosestcompetitorisDomino'sPizza.Domino'smaincompetitiveadvantageoverPizzaHutistheirprice.ItisgenerallylowerthanPizzaHut.Also,Domino'swasveryprofitablewhentheyranthepromotionaldealofdeliveringapizzawithin30minutes.However,manylawsuitshavebeenfiledagainstDomino'sinthepastforrecklessdrivingbytheirdrivers,soDomino'swithdrewthepromotion.LittleCaesar'sisanotheroneofPizzaHut'scompetitors,rightbehindDomino'sinmarketshare.LittleCaesar'sisfamousforofferinglargequantitiesofpizzaforlessmoney.OthercompetitorsincludePapaJohn's,Sbarro,andPizzaInn.Aproblemfacingallofthepizzachainsisthateachoftheirindividualcompetitiveadvantagesareprettymucheveryone'scompetitiveadvantages.Mostifnotallthetoppizzachainsofferfreedelivery,andalwayshavesomesortofpromotionaldealofferinglargepizzasatreducedprices.Othercompetitorstotakeintoconsiderationarefrozenpizzasandmake-it-yourselfpizzasthatarepurchasedingrocerystores.SomeexamplesoftheseareTombstonePizzas,Boboli,andDi'Gorniopizzas.1.PizzaHutexpandeditsbusinessintomanypartsofthecountrybythetimeof1969.2.PizzaHuthasalwaysdominatedthemarketandisfreeofchallenge.3.Fruitsandsaladsarenowcommonlyservedatpizzarestaurants.4.Thediversificationstrategyistobethefirstmover.5.InPizzaHut,aPanPizzawas___________toservein5minutes.6.IfyouwantapizzafromPizzaHutdelivereddirectlytoyourhouse,youhavetohave________inthefirstplace.7.Inordertomakesuretheircustomerswerehappy,PizzaHutintroduced________________.8.ThehigheroverheadcostsofPizzaHutobviouslyaccountedfor______________.

879.ThereasonwhyDomino’swithdrewtheirpromotionwasthattheysufferedlegallyfrom_____________.10.Majorpizzamakershavetofacetheproblemthattheircompetitiveadvantagesare_________.befreeof:没有...的1按顺序查找关键线索词。 2是非判断题中，100-150词的篇幅内找不到关键线索，即可NG. 3定位找到原句后，拆分原句的元素，抓住多少是多少。 4逻辑关系小心，词性变化小心，单复数不要弄错。 5注意段首句和标题的提示PassageFourOurgalaxyisagiganticagglomerationofstarsandplanetswhosenumberswillprobablyneverbeenknown.Currentlyweestimatethisnumbertobeaboutthirtybillion.Scientistshaveestimatedthatthediameterofourgalaxy,ifitweretobetraveled,wouldtakeusaboutfiftythousandlightyearsandthethicknesstobeaboutfifteentotwentylightyears.WeliveinsmallpartoftheMilkyWayGalaxy,whichisreferredtoasasolarsystem.Oursolarsystemismadeupofnineplanetsand31moons,whichorbitthecenterofgalaxy.AtthecenterofourgalaxyisourSun,whichisapproximatelytwenty-fivethousandlightyearsfromoursolarsystem.TheseninemajorplanetsinorderfromthecenterareMercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune,andPluto.MercuryistheplanetnearesttotheSun.AsitorbitstheSun,itdoesnotrotate,keepingthesamefaceoftheplanettowardtheSunatalltimes.Thismeansthatonesideoftheplanethasacontinualburningdayof900°F,andtheothersideacontinualnightandadeadlycoldof450°Fbelowzero.MercuryisthefastesttravelingofthenineplanetsmakingonefullorbitaroundtheSuninonlyeightdays.Lifeonmercurywouldbeimpossible.Ifyoucouldlivewherethenightmeetsthedayandsurvivetheextremeconditions,youwouldneeddarkgogglestoprotectyoueyesfromtheextremelight.Mercuryhaslittleornoatmospheretodiffusethesunlight.Youwouldalsoweighconsiderablelessduetothelackofgravity.Apersonweighting100poundsonEarthwouldweigh27poundsonMercury.LookingintothenightskyyouwillnoticeVenus,thebrighteststarinthesky,andthesecondplanetfromtheSun.VenuscanonlybeseenatcertaintimesofthedayeitheratdawnoratSunset.Inphysicalcharacteristics,Venusismostlikeearthwithadiameterofseventhousandsixhundredmiles,andgravitythesameasearth.Itislocatedadistanceofsixty-sevenmillionmilesfromtheSunandmakesonecompleteorbitaroundtheSunintwohundredtwentyfivedays.AsingledayonVenuscanlastuptotwohundredandtwentyfiveearthdaysduetoitsslowrotation.Theatmosphereappearstoconsistofmostlynitrogenandcarbondioxide.Thisisduetothelackoflifeontheplanet.ThebesttimetoviewVenuscomeseveryonehundredandtwentyyearsasitpassesbetweentheEarthandtheSun.ThelasttimetobestviewitwasonJune7,2004.Earth,thethirdplanetformtheSunisourhomeplanet.Earthistheonlyplanetinoursolarsystemknowntosustainlife.Underthelayerofatmospherethatsurroundstheplanetweareable

88toprovideallthenecessarycomponentstomakelifesustainable.Earthisthefifthlargesplanetinthesolarsystem.ItsdiameterisjustafewhundredkilometerslargerthanVenus.Earthrotatesonitsaxisonecompleterevolutioninatwenty-fourhourperiodandorbitstheSuninthreehundredandsixtyfivedays.MarsisthefourthplanetfromtheSunandistheclosestneighbortoearth.EveryseventeenyearsMarsreachesitsclosestpointtoearthinitsorbitaroundtheSunatthirty-fivemillionmiles.Marsisasmallplanetthathasaredglow.ItmakesonecompleteorbitaroundtheSuninsixhundredandeightysevendays.OxygenandwatervaporhavebeendetectedintheatmosphereofMars,andayellowishfogandcloudsmovearoundtheplanetindicatingthattheplanethasdifferenttypesofweatherandseasonsliketheearth.AsingledayonMarsisverymuchlikeadayonearthlastingtwenty-fourhoursandthirty-sevenminutes,however,ayearonMarsistwiceaslongasoneyearonearth.JupiterthefifthplanetfromtheSungetsitsnamefromtheFatheroftheGreekGods.Jupiter,whichorbitsfourhundredeighty-threemillionmilesfromtheSun,isthebiggestofalltheplanetsinoursolarsystem.Ithasadiameterofeighty-ninethousandmilesandavolumeofthirteentimesthatofearth.JupiterorbitstheSuneverytwelveyears.Itsatmosphereisthousandsofmilesthickandismadeupofmainlyhydrogen.Thesurfacetemperatureisabout-205°F.TherearenoseasonsonJupiter,butithasfloatingcloudsofammoniaandmethanegas.JupiterhasabrightreddistinctivespotthatismorethantwiceaswideasEarth.ThismarkhasastronomerspuzzledbecausethereisnoreasonforthebrightspotduetothefactthatitdoesnotreceivemuchSunlight.ThisspotenablesustoseethatJupiterhasaveryfastrotation.Onerotationiscompletedeverytenhours.Theforcesplacedontheplanetduetothisquickrotationcausethecloudsattheequatortobulgelikeatire,butduetothegravitationalforcesoftheplanetkeepthecloudsfrombeingcastintospace.Saturn,eventhoughitisthesixthplanetformtheSun,itshinessobrightlybecauseofitssize.Itsdiameterisseventy-onethousandfivehundredmiles.Theplanetitselfisgoldenincolorandisthebrightestyellowstarinthenightsky.Saturnmakesonecompleterevolutiononitsaxiseverytenhoursandtakestwenty-nineandonehalfdaystocompleteoneorbitaroundtheSun.ThegravitationalpullofthisplanetismostlikethatofJupiter.Ithasavolumethatiseighthundredtimesthatofearth,buthasavolumethatisonehundredtimeslighterthanearth.Saturnhastworingsthatsurroundtheplanet,butnevertouchit.Theyarelocatedoutsidetheatmosphereandabovetheequator.Theseringsareonlyabouttenmilesthick,whichmakesthemtransparent,onlybeingseenwiththeuseofatelescope.Theringclosesttotheplanetisaboutseventhousandmilesandverythin.Ablackbandseparatestheinnerringfromtheouterring,whichiswiderandbrighter.Itisbelievedthattheringsaremadeupofcrystalsoficeordustparticles.UranusistheseventhplanetformtheSun.ThenameUranuscomesfromGreekmythology.Uranuswasthe¨GodoftheHeavens.〃UranusissituatedonethousandsevenhundredandeightytwomilesformtheSunandcompletesoneorbitaroundtheSuneveryeighty-fouryears.Thesizeofthisplanetisfourtimesthatofearth,buthasthesameforceofgravityonthesurfaceasearth.Therearefivemoonsthatorbitthisplanet.ThelargestoneisTitania.Neptune,theeighthplanetfromtheSun,isinvisibletothenakedeye.Itislocatedsometwo

89thousandsevenhundredandninety-threemillionmilesformtheSun.AsingleorbitaroundtheSuntakesonehundredandsixty-fiveyeastocomplete.Thisplanetonlyreceivesonenine-hundredthoftheheatandSunlightastheearth.PlutowastheninthplanetfromtheSun.ThenamePlutocomesfromtheRomanGodwhowastheruleroftheunderworld.OnThursday,August24,2006,however,theInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)metinPraguevotedfinalizingtheguidelinesofplanetaryclassification,thusreorganizingPlutointoanewcategoryof“dwarfplanet”.PlutoislocatedthreethousandsixhundredandseventymillionmilesformtheSun.ItorbitstheSunintotaldarkness,andisaboutthesamesizeasMarsandhasadiametertwothirdsthatofEarth’smoon.DuetothedistanceandsizeofPluto,itcanonlybeseenwiththeuseofatwenty-inchtelescope.PlutodisqualifiedduetoitseccentricorbitthatcrosseswithNeptune.Inadditiontothefactthatitisdisproportionatelysmallerthananyofitsformercounterpartsinthesolarsystem,itdoesnotqualifyasaplanet.Otherwise,wemightaswellqualifyPluto’smoon,Charonasaplanet,thusmakingPlutoandCharonabinaryplanetsystem.1.Ifwearetotravelfromoneendofthegalaxycircletotheotheratthespeedoflight,itwouldtakeusfiftythousandlightyears.2.TherecannotpossiblybeanyformofwaterinMercury.3.Venusissharingwiththeearthsimilardiameter,similargravityandsimilarrotation.4.ThespeedwithwhichMarstravelsroundtheSunistwiceasfastasthatoftheearth.5.Jupiterhasanatmosphere,which,unlikethatofearth,containsforthemostpart_____________.6.DespitethequickrotationofJupiter,itscloudsarestillclingingtotheplanetwiththehelpof__________________.7.betweentheinnerringandtheouterringofSaturnthereisa___________________.8.Comparedwiththatoftheearth,thegravityforceonthesurfaceofUranusis_____________.9.AccordingtotheInternationalAstronomicalUnion,Plutoisnolongerseenasaplanet;instead,itshouldbetermedas________________.10.Itseccentricorbitandits_____________disqualifiedPlutoasaplanet.选词填空基本知识方法： 1为15个选项单词按词性分类，分为名词、动词、形容词、副词。 2每个空格首先分析需要的词性，然后根据语境答题。补充材料之例题讲解Currentresearchhas__________thatchildrenarenotgettingthesleeptheyneedthesedays.Childrenthesedays__________tobedoingworseinschoolandhavereducedattentionspans.Mostparentsarenot__________ofacommonproblemaffectingthousandsofchildreninthiscountry:sleepdisorders.Parentsoftenfailtofollowtherechildren'ssleepingpatternswhichcanresultinsomeseriousside__________ifthatchildhasasleepdisorder.AstudydoneatTulane

90UniversityinNewOrleansstudiedabout300firstgradersthatpreformed__________inschool.Theyfoundthat18percentshowedsignsofasleepingproblem.Thepercentageofchildrenwithbadgradesfoundtohavesleepingproblemswassixtoninetimeshigherthanfoundinapreviousstudydoneoverallofthechildhoodpopulation..Mostpeoplebelievethatsleepdisordersonlyaffectadultsbutin__________30%ofallchildrenhavesomesortofsleepdisorder.Sleepdisordersaredefinedasagroupofsyndromescharacterizedbydisturbanceinthepatient'samountofsleep,qualityortimingofsleep,orinbehavioursorphysiologicalconditionsassociatedwithsleep.Toqualifyforadiagnosisofsleepdisorder,theconditionmustbeapersistentproblem,causethepatientsignificantemotionaldistress,and__________withhisorhersocialor__________functioning.Somesleepdisorderscanaffectchildrenofallages.Thesleepdisorderthatchildrenare__________tooftendependsontheirageanddevelopment.Sleepdisorderschangemost__________inthemiddle-schoolyears.Childrenoftenexperiencemoreanxietyatthistime.Thesourceofthecertainsleepdisordercannotnormallybepinpointedineverycase.Manyfactorscomeintoplaywhendealingwiththecauseofasleepdisruption.Parentalcharacteristics,personality,psychosocialinfluences,education,parentingskills,stress,trauma,school,cultureandpersonalhealthcanallbringaboutsleepingdisordersinyoungtomiddle-agedchildren.realityappearoccupationalsubjectaffectpoorlyinterferefrequentlyeffectsinterruptnationalconfirmedobjectreluctantlyaware名词：realitysubjectobjecteffects 形容词：subjectnationaloccupationalaware 动词：interfereinterruptobjectappearaffect confirmed 副词：frequentlyreluctantlypoorly总结基本知识已讲述的内容 1.阅读理解选择题怎么去复习及怎么去练习各个题型 2.快速阅读，选词填空和简答题新题型的应对过程里可以以旧题型的选择题为核心 最为重要的三种题：细节题，推理题和主旨题2001年6月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversalbutthatthegesturesweuseareunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeis

91thewaytosummonapersonfromthePhilippinestoone’sside,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFTtoescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat“Gift”meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselvesasfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm’slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocomecloserandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.Ourlinguistic(语言上的)andculturalblindnessandthecasualnesswithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewconcessionstotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformationsignsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingual(多语言的)guidedtours.Veryfewrestaurantmenushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.OurtransportationsystemshavemapsinEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Thenattitudesandinformationwepickupareconditionedbythosenatives—usuallythericher—whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthenation’sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.Formanyyears,Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproperroleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwayshetheupperhand.21.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably________.A)standstillB)jumpasideC)stepforwardD)drawback推理题approach作为动词时接近，逼近，靠近实例演绎题：题干出自例证，需要根据例证进行可能性的推理（D）22.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir________.A)culturalself-centerednessB)casualmannersC)indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsD)arrogancetowardsothercultures主旨题

92A：文化上的自我中心D：对其他文化的傲慢（A）23.IncountriesotherthantheirownmostAmericans________.A)areisolatedbythelocalpeopleB)arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrierC)tendtogetalongwellwiththenativesD)needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurantsotherthan：不是（B）24.Accordingtotheauthor,Americans’culturalblindnessandlinguisticignorancewill________.A)affecttheirimageintheneweraB)cutthemselvesofffromtheoutsideworldC)limittheirroleinworldaffairsD)weakenthepositionoftheUSdollar（C）25.Theauthor’sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat________.A)itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriendsB)itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairsC)itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplacesD)itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures（D）主旨题notonly...but...不仅...而且...assume:推测，推断universal：普遍的summon：召唤farewell：告别welfare：社会福利 curl:弯曲，卷曲curly：卷曲的cluster：聚集，当名词用时一簇，一串 dealings：往来，生意diplomacy：外交interpreter：口译人员poll：民意测验amoresignificantrole：更加重要的作用1994年1月真题PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(幼虫).Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdrought(干旱)intheformofinactiveeggs.Thesearetheshrimps(小虾)thatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintenselydryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50℃areoftenrecorded.TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsofsand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,theseeggshatch(孵化).Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimetrelongwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydesertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetretoalengthofabout1.5centimetres.Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequallyrapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,

93however,whentheyareabout3centimetrelong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheunderbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,muddypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrieflives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswillsurvive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andonceagaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,anddeath.Someyearsthereisinsufficientraintoformalake:inthiscase,theeggswillremaindormantforanotheryear,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwiceinahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.Inthiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.21.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?A)Theirlivesarebrief.B)Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.C)Theireggscansurviveyearsofdrought.D)Theylaytheireggsinthemud.distinctive：独特的feature：特征22.Bysaying“fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime”(Para.3,Line2)theauthormeans.A)theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglakeB)theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurviveC)theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendaysD)theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbytheenvironment语义分析题：题干中引用原文，而引用部分无未知单词，做法是根据上句或下句，理清逻辑关系答题。正确答案不会是引号部分字面照搬或字面理解multiply：繁殖大多数带有比较选项，错误的几率都是很高的23.Thepassagemainlydealswith.A)thelifespanoftheMojaveshrimpsC)theimportanceofwatertolifeB)thesurvivalofdesertshrimpsD)lifeintheMojaveDesert24.Theword“dormant”(Para.4,Line3)mostprobablymeans.A)inactiveB)strongC)alertD)softdormitry：寝室25.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat.A)appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesertB)aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurviveC)forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdroughtD)somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshconditions

94survive：安全度过inactive：不积极的前三句是类似的话，类比开头 文章开头用类比，则类比的最后事物为文章主题mature：成熟evaporate：蒸发sufficient：足够的2003年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thewordconservationhasathrifty(节俭)meaning.Toconserveistosaveandprotect,toleavewhatweourselvesenjoyinsuchgoodconditionthatothersmayalsosharetheenjoyment.Ourforefathershadnoideathathumanpopulationwouldincreasefasterthanthesuppliesofrawmaterials;mostofthem,evenuntilveryrecently,hadthefoolishideathatthetreasureswere“limitless”and“inexhaustible”.Mostofthecitizensofearliergenerationsknewlittleornothingaboutthecomplicatedanddelicatesystemthatrunsallthroughnature,andwhichmeansthat,asinalivingbody,anunhealthyconditionofonepartwillsoonerorlaterbeharmfultoalltheothers.Fiftyyearsagonaturestudywasnotpartoftheschoolwork;scientificforestrywasanewidea;timberwasstillcheapbecauseitcouldbebroughtinanyquantityfromdistantwoodlands;soildestructionandriverfloodswerenotnationalproblems;nobodyhadyetstudiedlong-termclimaticcyclesinrelationtoproperlanduse;eventheword“conservation”hadnothingofthemeaningthatithasforustoday.Forthesakeofourselvesandthosewhowillcomeafterus,wemustnowsetaboutrepairingthemistakesofourforefathers.Conservationshould,therefore,bemadeapartofeveryone'sdailylife.Toknowaboutthewatertable(水位)inthegroundisjustasimportanttousasaknowledgeofthebasicarithmeticformulas.Weneedtoknowwhyallwatersheds(上游源头森林地带集水区)needtheprotectionofplantlifeandwhytherunningcurrentofstreamsandriversmustbemadetoyieldtheirfullbenefittothesoilbeforetheyfinallyescapetothesea.Weneedtobetaughtthedutyofplantingtreesaswellasofcuttingthem.Weneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees,becauselivingspaceformostofman'sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth.Inbrief,itshouldbeourgoaltorestoreasmuchoftheoriginalbeautyofnatureaswecan.26.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthecurrentsituationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcesis.A)criticalC)positiveB)neutralD)suspicious27.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatestmistakeofourforefatherswasthat.A)theyhadnoideaaboutscientificforestryB)theywerenotawareofthesignificanceofnaturestudyC)theyhadlittleornosenseofenvironmentalprotectionD)theyhadnoideaofhowtomakegooduseofrawmaterials

9528.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatearliergenerationsdidn'trealize.A)theimportanceoftheproperuseoflandB)thevalueofthebeautyofnatureC)theharmfulnessofsoildestructionandriverfloodsD)theinterdependenceofwater,soil,andlivingthings29.Toavoidthemistakesofourforefathers,theauthorsuggeststhat.A)weplantmoretreesB)wereturntonatureC)naturalsciencesbetaughttoeverybodyD)environmentaleducationbedirectedtowardeveryone30.Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“livingspace...isfigured...alsoincubicvolumeabovetheearth”(Para.3,Lines8-10)?A)Weneedtotakesomemeasurestoprotectspace.B)Ourlivingspaceshouldbemeasuredincubicvolume.C)Ourlivingspaceontheearthisgettingsmallerandsmaller.D)Wemustpreservegoodlivingconditionsforbothbirdsandanimals.1990年1月真题PassageTwo题目六道，本身论证结构尤其复杂Questions25to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighschoolgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney,become“better”people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon'tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon'tfitthepatternarebecomingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother'sexperimentsandwritesfalselettersofrecommendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout—oftenencouragedbycollegeadministrators.Someobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves—theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat'sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn'texplainallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We'vebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotocollegebecauseoureconomycan'tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.Butdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedtwenty-two-year-olds,either.Someadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlyplaceforeveryyoungpersonafterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughtherosyglowofourownrememberedcollegeexperiences.Perhapscollegedoesn'tmakepeopleintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings—maybeit'sjusttheotherwayaround,andintelligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,quick-learningpeoplearemerelythe

96oneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstplace.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresy(异端邪说)tothoseofuswhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,morehastobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.25.Accordingtotheauthor,.A)peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegeeducationB)peopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhighereducationC)allhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeD)veryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotocollege推理题26.Inthe2ndparagraph,“thosewhodon'tfitthepattern”refersto. A)highschoolgraduateswhoaren'tsuitableforcollegeeducationB)collegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxisC)collegestudentswhoaren'tanybetterfortheirhighereducationD)highschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtocollege语义分析题27.Thedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause.A)youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatcollegeB)manyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointhearmyC)youngpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahighereducationD)youngpeopledon'tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschooldrop-outrate：退学率28.Accordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefactthat.A)societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegegraduatesB)highschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegeeducationC)toomanystudentshavetoearntheirownlivingD)collegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropoutarisefrom：来自于，源自于29.Inthispassagetheauthorarguesthat.A)moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolgraduatesB)collegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobesuccessfulC)collegeeducationbenefitsonlytheintelligent,ambitious,andquick-learningpeopleD)intelligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon'tgotocollege主旨题mountup：积累，增长30.The“surveysandstatistics”mentionedinthelastparagraphmighthaveshownthat.A)college-educatedpeoplearemoresuccessfulthannon-college-educatedpeopleB)collegeeducationwasnotthefirstchoiceforintelligentpeopleC)thelessschoolingonehasthebetteritisforhimD)mostpeoplehavesweetmemoriesofcollegelifestatistic：数据fault：错condemnation：谴责

97当核心单词被指代词修饰时，该题答案90%在上一句，个别情况在该核心词汇于本文首次出现的位置 特别需要注意的是作者的思路以及态度 尽量运用你的逻辑思维去配合作者做题的整体步骤：1.先看每个题的题干，但不看选项 2.到文章中去浏览，前紧后松，划出核心考点 3.找到这句话后，能理解最好，否则可用同义词去对应一些元素做文章的步骤：1.浏览题干，确定题型，划出线索 2.浏览文章，前紧后松，划出考点3.定位细节，对应元素，查验干扰 常见的干扰项：偷换概念，绝对化，比较干扰项，细节拼凑，时间干扰2001年6月真题PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Indepartmentstoresandclosetsallovertheworld,theyarewaiting.Theiroutwardappearanceseemsratherappealingbecausetheycomeinavarietyofstyles,textures,andcolors.Buttheyareultimatelythebiggestdeceptionthatexistsinthefashionindustrytoday.Whatarethey?Theyarehighheels—awoman’sworstenemy(whethersheknowsitornot).Highheelshoesarethedownfallofmodernsociety.Fashionmythshaveledwomentobelievethattheyaremorebeautifulorsophisticatedforwearingheels,butinreality,heelssucceedinposingshortaswellaslongtermhardships.Womenshouldfightthehighheelindustrybyrefusingtouseorpurchasetheminordertosavetheworldfromunnecessaryphysicalandpsychologicalsuffering.Forthesakeoffairness,itmustbenotedthatthereisapositivesidetohighheels.First,heelsareexcellentforaerating(使通气)lawns.AnyonewhohaseverwornheelsongrassknowswhatIamtalkingabout.Asimpletriparoundtheyardinapairofthosebabieseliminatesallneedtocallforalawncarespecialist,andprovidestheperfect-sizedholestogiveanylawnoxygenwithoutallthosemessychunksofdirtlyingaround.Second,heelsarequitefunctionalfordefenseagainstoncomingenemies,whocaneasilybescaredawaybythreateningthemwithapairofthesesharp,deadlyfashionaccessories.Regardlessofsuchpracticalusesforheels,thefactremainsthatwearinghighheelsisharmfultoone’sphysicalhealth.Talktoanypodiatrist(足病医生)，andyouwillhearthatthemajorityoftheirbusinesscomesfromhigh-heel-wearingwomen.Highheelsareknowntocauseproblemssuchasdeformedfeetandtorntoenails.Theriskofseverebackproblemsandtwistedorbrokenanklesisthreetimeshigherforaflatshoewearer.Wearingheelsalsocreatesthethreatofgettingaheelcaughtinasidewalkcrackorasewer-grate(阴沟栅)andbeingthrowntotheground—possiblybreakinganose,back,orneck.Andofcourse,afterwearingheelsforaday,anywomanknowsshecanlookforwardtoanightofpainasshetriestocomfortherswollen,achingfeet.

9826.Whatmakeswomenblindtothedeceptivenatureofhighheels?A)Themulti-functionaluseofhighheels.B)Theirattempttoshowofftheirstatus.C)Therichvarietyofhighheelstyles.D)Theirwishtoimprovetheirappearance.deceptive:欺骗性的（D）27.Theauthor’spresentationofthepositivesideofhighheelsismeant________.A)tobeironicB)topokefunatwomenC)tobefairtothefashionindustryD)tomakehispointconvincing（B）28.Theauthorusestheexpression“thosebabies”(Line3,Para.2)torefertohighheels________.A)toshowtheirfragilecharacteristicsB)toindicatetheirfemininefeaturesC)toshowwomen’saffectionforthemD)toemphasizetheirsmallsize（D）29.Theauthor’schiefargumentagainsthighheelsisthat________.A)theyposeathreattolawnsB)theyareinjurioustowomen’shealthC)theydon’tnecessarilymakewomenbeautifulD)theyareineffectiveasaweaponofdefense（B）30.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwomenshould________.A)seethroughtheverynatureoffashionmythsB)boycotttheproductsofthefashionindustryC)gotoapodiatristregularlyforadviceD)avoidfollowingfashiontoocloselydepartment：部门closet：橱窗outward：外在的inward:内在的 appealtoab.吸引某人style：风格texture：质地，材料deception：欺骗downfall：崩溃pose:带来，提出forthesakeof:为了...的目的lawn：草坪trip:旅行yard：院子，后院eliminate：消灭，毁灭callfor:找谁来，要求specialist：专家oxygen：氧气mess：一团糟messy：乱七八糟的chunk：块functional：有用的oncoming：逼近的deadly：致命的accessory：搭配物

992007年6月真题讲解我给大家讲解三个模块： 第一个是快速阅读，第二个是简答题，第三个是两篇深度阅读。 需要给大家准备两点知识上的东西： 第一，快速阅读首先要体现顺序原则； 第二，是两种题型问题：一是前四道判断题怎么去做，二是后六道填空题。 在做快速阅读时有一个方法问题，我个人觉得最重要的是审题。 审题时要审出两种词，第一个是定位词，第二个是核心词。 SectionASevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJobManypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersisdissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey.Theircareerpathmaybefinanciallyrewarding,butitdoesn’tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They’restuck,unhappy,andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhenmostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Millersuggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswellasworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfiedworkersreassesslifeandwork.LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjobseekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat“inmanycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday.”Youmayhavebeenraisedtothinkthatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat’swhatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyouhavetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad.”Ifthissoundsfamiliar,it’sprobablytimetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationandbeliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthroughwork.Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn’tfeelright.Millerurgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhat

100theyarecurrentlydoing.Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulovemost.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor“chainedtoyourdesk”mostofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumoretimetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnatureandtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearninghermaster’sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.Step3:Self-definitionMillersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthatyouhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer.”Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentifyhowtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshouldhireyouoverothercandidates.Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyouare–allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing–you’llprojectmoreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcanhelptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve–thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwerenotgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.Step5:Vision.Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywanttodo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheyseetheirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallowshertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecauseherlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomakethemmoresaleable.Step6:Appropriaterisk.Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesanddifficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,theydonothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitoftheirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesignskills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorherjob,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You’llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeifyouidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.

101Step7:Action.Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthemountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.”Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecanleadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheirimportanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesandoccupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteerworkinyourtargetedfield.Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itisthejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004”survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.2.MaryLynMiller’sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvestothepursuitof________.6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike________.7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow________.8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion“________”9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto________.10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis________.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)PassageOneQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.ItwassetupinaSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(膨胀)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverythingarounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google’ssearchengineissowidespreadacrosstheworldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworld

102fellinlovewiththeeffective,fascinatinglyfasttechnology.GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunateevents.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecameGoogle’ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheprojectearlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthantherestand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,yourgrandmother.Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethanjustlookforwordmatches,italsotallied(统计)andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsiteslinktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttonametheircreationGoogol(themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes),butsomeonemisspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient(有先见之明的)professorsandventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeofluckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheirprice,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit’snotanexaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat’sthesourceofnearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?48.Google’ssearchengineoriginatedfrom________startedbyL.Page.49.HowdidGoogle’ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould________.51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom________.SectionBPassageOneQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuch

103spendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.（B）53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpectedB)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevilC)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepressionD)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety（D）54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

104A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.（A）55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.（D）56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.PassageTwoQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofa

105high-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomenB)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapanC)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamiliesD)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow（B）58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.（B）59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.（D）60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelationsB)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerationsC)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturityD)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress（A）61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.

106A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturationB)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchangeC)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsocietyD)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday总结思维方式的调整 技巧和方法不用是永远不会成为自己的东西 习惯性地根据笔记的思维方式去做题需要做的两件事 1.将课程中讲的所有文章再重新按照笔记仔细把思维过程演练一遍 2.学会对没讲过的文章进行分析，每一天应付两篇文章 第一遍：掐着时间做题 第二遍：分析文章主题，段落主题，各个题的考点设置等；分析题目 第三遍：摘抄所有真题中的难词难句，精读查字典 将你的能力远远提到考试水平要求之上！ 基础性的去学习英语！ 祝愿各位在安排详细计划且严格执行的情况下，获取自己想要的分数！（C）（B）（B）

107 （A）（A）（C）（D）（C）（C）