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1、Linguistics2014/2—2014/7Chapter1Introduction1.1Whatislinguistics?1.1.1Definition:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Languageandlanguages:lLanguageisthesystemofhumancommunicationwhichconsistsofthestructuredarrangementofsounds(ortheirwrittenrepresentation)i
2、ntolargerunits,e.g.morphemes,words,sentences,utterances.lLanguagesareparticularsystemsofhumancommunication,e.g.theFrenchlanguage,theHindilanguage.languageingeneral,notanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,Arabic,andLatin.1.1.2TheScopeoflinguisticsA）generalli
3、nguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.basicconcepts:language;sentence;wordstheories:descriptions:models:methodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy:B)mainbranchesoflinguisticsLanguagestudyfocusesonMeaningandForm.i)Form:soundphoneticsphonol
4、ogywrittenmorphologysyntaxii)Meaning:semanticspragmaticsiii)introductiontothemainbranches1)PhoneticsThestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.2)PhonologyThestudyofthewayinwhichthesoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.3)MorphologyThestudyo
5、fthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.12Linguistics2014/2—2014/74)SyntaxThestudyofruleswhichgovernthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages.5)Semantics:meaninginlanguageThestudyofmeaningisknownassemantics.6)Pragm
6、atics:meaningincontextWhenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolation,butinthecontextoflanguageuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics.C)MacrolinguisticsLinguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociol
7、ogy,anthropology,artificialintelligence,medicineandeducationetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.1)SociolinguisticsThestudyofthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformsthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguistics.2)PsycholinguisticsItrelatesthestudyoflang
8、uagetopsychology.Itinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.e.g.tostudylanguagedevelopmentinchildren,s
