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时间:2020-09-07
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1、SectionIISummitofRomanticismAmericanTranscendentalismTranscendentalismTranscendentalismisanAmericanliterary,political,andphilosophicalmovementoftheearlynineteenthcentury,centeredaroundRalphWaldoEmerson.Keys:---Thenewspiritwasneithersocial,norpolitical,norindustrial,noreconomic,norliterary,nor
2、scientific,norreligious.Itwasallofthematonce.Ittranscendedeveryphaseoflife.Itisawholenewwayofthinking.I.Background:foursources1.Unitarianism唯一神教派(1)FatherhoodofGod(2)Brotherhoodofmen(3)LeadershipofJesus(4)Salvationbycharacter(perfectionofone’scharacter)(5)Continuedprogressofmankind(6)Divinity
3、ofmankind(7)Depravityofmankind2.RomanticIdealismCenteroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)3.OrientalmysticismCenteroftheworldis“oversoul”4.PuritanismEloquentexpressionintranscendentalismII.Appearance1836,“Nature”byEmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importanceofindividualism3.nature–symb
4、olofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoul4.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)IV.Influence1.Itservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothede
5、velopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.2.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“geton”obscuredthemoralnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.3.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodi
6、nAmericanliterature.MajorwritersandLiteraryWorksRalphWaldoEmerson(1803----1882)HenryDavidThoreau(1817----1862)LouisaMayAlcott(1832----1888)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803----1882)---MajorLiteraryWorksNatureTheAmericanScholarThePoetDivinitySchoolAddressTheOver-SoulThisworkhasthecleareststatementofTrans
7、cendentalistideas.InitEmersonstatedthatmanshouldnotseenaturemerelyassomethingtobeused;thatman’srelationshipwithnaturetranscendstheideaofusefulness.NatureNatureisakindofdisciplinetoman.Onceyouareinnature,totallyinsolitude,youfeelyou’renothing,
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