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Proposal forthewastemanagementprogramrelatedtotheoily drillingcuttingGreatWallDrillingCompanyBeijing,ChinaFeb,2011 1.IntroductionOilandgaswellscannotbedrilledwithoutcreatingwaste.However,withgoodwastemanagementpractices,theamountofwasteandthetoxicityofwastecanbereduced.Byfar,thegreatestvolumeofwastegeneratedinthedrillingprocessisdrilledcuttings.ThefirststepandperhapsthebestwastemanagementpracticeisgoodSolidscontrolequipment,includingshakers,mudconditioners,andcentrifuges.WithourlatesttechnologiesinDrillingWasteManagementServiceswestrivetoreducethewastegeneratedatsource,duringdrillingactivitiestoacceptableenvironmentallevels.OurwastemanagementservicesarebasedonourWasteManagementHierarchywhichgovernsthewaywedealwithSolidscontrolandwastedisposalinallourdrillingactivitiesworldwide.Alltheseserviceshavebeenstructuredanddesignedtomeettheincreasinglyhighenvironmentalstandardsrequiredbytheindustrywhenoperatinginevermoreremoteanddiverselocations.TheintegrationandmanagementofalltheseservicesbyGWDC’steamofspecialistsprovidestheClientwiththeconfidencethatanyprojectwillbecompletedinaccordancewiththehigheststandardspossible.2.Proposal forthewastemanagementprogramrelatedtotheoilydrillingcuttingTreatmentoftheNABMdrilledcuttingswillcomplywiththeWasteManagementProgramand/orCompany’sspecificationsandlocalrequirements.GWDCshallprovideVerticalCuttingsDryersequipmentpackageoffirststeptoreducetheOOC(OilonCuttings)to8-5%.Then,thesecondsteptousebioremediationtoreducetheOOC(OilonCuttings)tolessthan2%Step#1.NABMSolidswastes–VerticalCuttingsDryersDisposalProcessDrillingwastefluid&wastecuttingsshallbetransferredfromshaleshakertodryeratwellsiteorintocollectingtankbyaugerconveyor;thewasteincollectingtankshouldbetransferredtomudplantordisposalsitetodryerforfurthertreatment. Processchart:TransfersystemCuttingsfromthefirstshaleshakershallbetransferredintocollectingtankforwastefluid&wastecuttings,therearestirringdeviceandpumpinthecollectingtank.Wastefluidfromdesander,desilterandcentrifugeshallbedischargedintoanauger,andthentransferredtothecollectingtank.Wastedrillingfluidandwastecuttingsshallbemixedtogether,andthenbepumpedintotheDisposalEquipmentforfurthertreatment.AugerconveyorVerticalCuttingsDryersGWDCshallsupplyWSM-03modelWasteSolidsManagement(WSM)VerticalCuttingsDryersequipmentpakages.Thestandardpackagesinclude:cuttingdryers, supportstand(withdischargechute,handrails,walkways,jibpole,etc),electricalcontrolassembly,andflush-outsystemassembly(instakked).Allequipmentisexplosionproof,certifiedforClassI,DivisionIratingandforstardard460V/50Hz.TheModelWSM-03ContinuousCentrifugeisascreentypecentrifugeinwhichtheflowofthefeedmaterialthroughthecentrifugeisautomaticallycontrolledtoobtainliquid-solidseparation.Figure1:theflowofmaterialthroughtheCSIModelWSM-03ContinuousCentrifuge. lVerticalbasket(.015”,.020”,.030”)l100Ampbreaker:lMainDriveMotor:30HPlOilerMotor:1/3HPlMaterialfedintothemachineisacceleratedbytherotatingpartscontacted.Solidsareretainedonthescreensurface,whilecentrifugalforceslingsfreeliquidsthroughthescreenopenings.Movementofsolidsacrossthescreensurfaceiscontrolledbyflites,whichmoverelativetothescreen.lSolidsdischargedfromthescreenfallbygravity,throughthemachine'sbottomopening.Liquidsthathavepassedthroughthescreenarecollectedanddischargedthroughtwoeffluentoutlets.lLiquidisprocessedthroughacentrifugepriortoreturningtoactivesystemtherebyreducingwaste.AdvantagesandImprovementsinWSM-03SpecificationsofWSM-03Specifications:WSM-03Length:89”Width:64”Height:48”Weight:4200LbsScreenArea:7.11sq.ft. MainDriveMotor:30HpRPM:1022RPMGForcetopofscreen155.73GGforcebottomofScreen:415.29GWhyuseaVerticalCuttingsDryersSystem?TheVerticalCuttingsDryerSystemreturnsandrecyclesalargepercentageofSBM(SyntheticBaseMud)andOBM(OilBaseMud)toanactivedrillingsystemwhichinthepastwaslostasawasteproducttotheenvironment.(SometimebothOBMandSBMarecalledOBM).TheamountofOBMinthedrillcuttingsisusuallymeasuredas%OOC(OilonCuttings).OurgoalistoreduceOOCaslowaspossible.Wehave2drivingforcesforrecommendingitsuse:lReducingenvironmentalimpact(OBMdischargedtotheenvironment):AVerticalCuttingsDryingSystemcanreducetotaldischargedOOCbelow6.9%,whichiscurrentlythedischargelimitinmanyareasoftheworld.Inmanyareasoftheworld(AlgeriaandNigeria)ourgoalis5%totalOBMdischargetotheenvironment,andourgoalistoreducethepercentagefurther.lImprovedeconomics(costsavings).GWDC’syearsofexperienceindrillingfluidshasproducedOBMwhichimprovesholeperformance,andreducesdrillingtime.LargerholesectionsarebeingdrilledwithOBMthanpastwells.WithsomeOBMcostingUSD$200/bbl,andhigher,thesavingscanbesubstantial.ByusingaVerticallCuttingsDryingSystem,GWDChassavedoperatorsasmuchas$200,000duringthedrillingofasinglewell.Savingsonthisscalemaynotbeaccomplishedforholesectionssmallerthan12¼”,butaCuttingsDryingSystemwillcontinuetoreduceenvironmentalimpact.AVerticalisnotastandalonesystemwhichcanreplacetheshaker,mudcleaner,centrifugesorothermudcleaningequipment.TheVerticalisapartofthetotalsolidscontrolandmuddrillingsystem.Itisdesignedtocomplementthedrillingoperations,helpingtopreserveourenvironment,andreducingwellcosts.ExampleofoneholesectionusingWSM-03Verti-GHoleSizeROP(Ft/hr)Depth(Feet)OOCVerti-GWellAverage(TotalDischarge)17.5”125’1530-20302.11%5.9%17.5”125’-150’2030-22203.21%4.6%17.5”130’2220-27203.08%4.09%17.5”60’-100’2720-32203.83%4.03%17.5”75’3220-34453.56%3.93%17.5”75’3445-37704.25%3.98% 17.5”30’-40’3770-42701.76%3.67%17.5”60’–80’4270-47702.69%3.55%LayoutofCuttingsDryingSystemusingVacuumSystemandAugerStep#2.BioremediationGWDChavecapableofbioremediatingthecuttingsfromVerticalCuttingsDryersSystemtothestandardrequiredbytheCompany.Bioremediation(alsoknownasbiologicaltreatmentorbio-treatment)usesmicroorganisms(bacteriaandfungi)tobiologicallydegradehydrocarbon-contaminatedwasteintonontoxicresidues.Theobjectiveofbio-treatmentistoacceleratethenaturaldecompositionprocessbycontrollingoxygen,temperature,moisture,andnutrientparameters.Biodegradation=Conversionoforganicmaterialtowater,carbondioxide+biomassbylivingorganismsCO2H2OO2WASTEO2BacterialGrowth WhychooseBioremediationfortreatmentofhydrocarboncontaminatedsoils?lBioremediationisusuallythemostcosteffectivesolutiontothetreatmentofhydrocarboncontaminatedsoilslCantreatcontaminationinplacelNoremovalordisposalcostslMinimalsitedisturbanceandreducedpostcleanupcostslWastetoxicityispermanentlyeliminatedlLong-termliabilityrisksareeliminatedlPositivepublicperceptionSomeadvantagesofbiologicaltreatmentare:lItisrelativelyenvironmentallybenign;litgeneratesfewemissions;lwastesareconvertedintoproducts;litrequiresminimal,ifany,transportation.Sometimes,bioremediationisusedasaninterimtreatmentordisposalstep,whichreducestheoveralllevelofhydrocarboncontaminationpriortofinaldisposal.Bioremediationcancreateadrier,morestablematerialforlandfilling,therebyreducingthepotentialtogenerateleachate.Dependingonthecompositionofthehydrocarboncomponents,thebioremediationenvironment,andthetypeoftreatmentutilized,bioremediationmaybeafairlyslowprocessandrequiremonthsoryearstoreachthedesiredresult.Themostimportantfactorsforcontrolofbiologicaldegradationofhydrocarbonsare:a)Anadequatesupplyofhydrocarbondegradingbacteria;b)Availabilityofsufficientoxygenforcellmetabolism;Trytoincreaseporosityandaerationpotentialforbiologicaldegradation.c)Availabilityandbalancefornutrientsandmicro-nutrients(N,P,K,traceelements+minerals);Ifnecessary,nutrientsshouldbeaddedintosoil.d)Moisturecontrol;Tokeepthesoilmoisture,butdon’tsaturate.e)TemperatureandpH;Thebiologicalactivityorgrowthrateofdeferentbacteria(forexample:psychrophiles,mesophiles,thermophiles,hyperthermophiles)dependsondeferenttemperature.(seeleftgraphbelow)ThetypicalpHoptimumisbetween6and8. f)Salinity.Bioremediationwillcleanuptheoil,butthebrinemustbewashedaway.GWDCDrillingFluidproposestwobiologicaloptionsforoilydrillingcuttingsthatareLandFarmingandBiopiles.BasicLandFarmingSurfacesoilsgenerallycontainsignificantmicrobialpopulationslikebacteria,yeast,actinomicetal,fungi,algaeandprotozoa,calledtheindigenousmicrobialgroup.Thesemicroorganismsarecapableofdegradingmostorganiccompounds.Thesemicrobescanonlydegradetheseorganiccompoundsiftheconditionsarenon-toxictogrowth,andtheyhaveorcandeveloptheenzymaticcapabilityofdegradingtheorganiccompounds,andsuitableenvironmentalconditionsforgrowthexist.TheefficiencyoftheBioremediationprocessisverydependentonconditionssuchasavailableoxygen,moistureandnutrients.Conditionsmustexistinwhichthereisgreaterthan2mg/Ldissolvedoxygenor10%air–filledporespaces.Availablesoilmoistureisideallybetween60–80%waterholdingcapacity.Nutrientneedsrequiresufficientnitrogen,phosphorusandpotassium(at100:10:1proportion).Idealsoilconditionsarethosewhenthesodiumabsorptionratio(SAR)islessthan12mg/landtheexchangeablesodiumpercentage(ESP)islessthan15%.Inaddition,solublesaltmeasuredaselectricalconductivity(EC)shouldbelessthan4mmho/cm.OtherfactorssuchasmatrixpHandtemperatureaffecttheprocess,thepHshouldideallybebetween6.0and8.0.Bioremediationismosteffectivebetween50°fand135°f.Thebasiclandfarmingremovesthecontaminantfromsoilsbyacombinationofvolatilization,incorporationofthecontaminantintothesoilmatrixanddegradation;Volatilizationremovesalargeportionofthelighterhydrocarbons,butthemostimportantmechanismforthetreatmentofheavierhydrocarbonsisdegradation.lAdvantage:Wellestablishedtechnique;lDisadvantage:space,climate,Saltcontent(conductivity)andtoxicity;Withnutrientsandbacteriaadded,Theoilcontentafterbeingtreatedcanbedecreasedtolessthan2%. (Typicallayoutforlandfarming)2)BiopilesBiopilesystemsofferthepotentialforcost-effectivetreatmentofcontaminatedsoils.Biopilesprovidefavorableenvironmentsforindigenousmicroorganismstodegradecontaminantspresentinthesoilmatrix.Throughasystemofpipingandpumpsthateitherforcesairintothepileunderpositivepressureordrawsairthroughthepileundernegativepressure(thislatertechniqueallowscontrolofVOCs).Dependingonthecontaminantsinthesoil,conditionsareestablishedinthebiopiletofavoreitheranaerobicoraerobicmicroorganisms.Insomecases,exogenousmicrobes,suchasfungi,maybeaddedtothebiopiletoenhancecontaminantdegradation.Optimumconditionsforbiopilesvarydependingonthetypeofsoil,climateconditions,andthechemicalandbiologicalattributesofthesoil.Becausebiopiletreatmentisanexsitutechnology,mostconditionscanbecontrolledtoachieveanacceptablerangeofconditions.Generally,moisturecontentbetween40and85percentofsoilfieldcapacity,acarbon-to-nitrogenratioof10:1to100:1,andpHbetween6and8areacceptabledependingonsoilconditions.Organicamendmentscanbeusedtoincreasethewater-holdingcapacityofpoorsoils.Woodchipsmaybeaddedasbulkingagentstoincreasesoilporosityandpromoteaerationandirrigation.Sawdustorstrawcanbeaddedtosupplycarbon.Animalmanure(1to4percentw/w)cansupplybothcarbonandnutrients.lAdvantage:Simpletodesignandimplement,Requirelesslandthanlandfarming;VOCemissionscanbecontrolled;lDisadvantage:Airdeliverysystem;Nutrientenhancedagent;Possibledimensionsfor300m3ofcuttings=minimumsize=30mx5mx2m,butbulkingagentsmayincreasesizeto60mx5mx2m ChemicalMaterialOilcontentbeforetreatmentAftertreatingcuttingcontainoilOilcontent%Oildegradationratio%GWJie-AL101.5784.30206.6266.903016.5045.00Note:after60daysbio-degradationAtypicallayoutforbiopiledisposaloptionshowinbelowgraph:Humidifiedairviaperforatedplasticpipeburiedinpeagravel(NBapile2mhighmayrequireanotherlayerofaerationpipeat1m)
