从属连词及状语从句

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从属连词及状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导，与主句连接，位于句首时，常用逗号与主句分开；位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。根据用途分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。一、时间状语从句引导词：when/while/as(当…时)、before（在…之前）after（在…之后）、until（直到…才）、since（自从）、assoonas（一…就）(1)WhenA.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenmymothercamein.B.Wewerereadingwhentheteachercamein.C.Whenthestudentswerehavingameeting,theteachercamein.①主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时（从句常用一般过去时）eg:A、B②从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时（主句用一般过去时）③主句动作和从句动作都已完成，主句动作发生在前，可用过去完成时；从句动作发生在后，用一般过去时Eg：Whentheygottothecinemathefilmhadbeenonfiveminutes.(2)While主从句动作开始的时间不存在先后关系（即同时发生）或无所谓先后时，主从句同时使用过去进行时，由while引导MymotherwascookingwhileIwasdoingmyhomeworklastnight.Strikewhiletheinnishot.趁热打铁。※when和while表为“当。。。的时候”时，when引导的从句谓语可以是瞬间动词或延续性动词；while引导的从句谓语必须是延续性动词Eg：Thetrainhadjustleftwhen(when/while)wearrivedatthestation.arrive是瞬间动词。Imadesomeforeignfriendswhen/whileIwasinLondon.(3)before.在...之前。表示主句的动作发生咋从句的动作之前。Takethemedicinebeforeyougotobed.(4)after在。。。之后。表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。Afterhehadfinishedhiscomposition,helefthisoffice.(5)assoonas…就。从句的动作发生，主句的动作随即发生（主将从现）IwillringyouassoonasIgetthere.ItriedtocallyouassoonasIheardfromyou,butyouwerenotin.即当主句时态是过去时，从句的时态也用过去时。（6）since自…以来1>主句（现在完成时）+since+从句（一般过去时）2>Itis+时间+从句（一般过去时）Ithasbeen+时间+since+从句（一般过去时）3>since从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的词10 Eg：HehasworkedinthisschoolsincehegraduatedfromBJnormaluniversity.Eg:ItistenyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.Eg:Ithasbeen8yearssinceIstudiedEnglish.Eg：DoyouknowBettywell?Yes,sheandIhavebeenfriendssincewemetinGuangzhoulastsummer.Eg:Oh,dear！Surprisedtomeetyouhere._____sincewesawlasttime.Ithaslongtimenosee.A:ItisalongtimeB:HowImissyou.C:Ihavn’tseenyouDIt’sbeenalongtime(7)until/till1>主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。I’llwaitforyoutillyoucometoseeme.I’llwaituntiltherainstops.2>当主句是否定句时，主句谓语动词应是瞬间动词主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前构成句式：not……until有时不用not，而用never（hardly）、nothing（none）等表示否定的词Ididn’tgotobeduntilIfinishedmyhomework.Iwon’tleavemyofficeuntilmyworkisfinished.这时的until可用before来替换。Leave是瞬间动词Ihardlyknewanythingaboutituntilyoutoldme.A.sinceB.afterC.untilD.when※在下列情况下，时间状语从句必须用一般现在时（since引导的时间状语从句除外）①主句时态是一般将来时②主句中有情态动词can、may、must、hadbetter等③主句是祈使句二、条件状语从句引导词：if（如果）、aslongas（只要）、unless（除非）⑴if主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时I’llvisittheGreatWallifitdoesn’traintomorrow.⑵如果if引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件将来可以实现或正在进行。动词要用现在完成时或进行时。主句通常用将来时Wewillgiveyouagoodpriceifyouarethinkingofbuyingit.⑶”祈使句and/or引导的结果状语从句”中，祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句Hurryup、orelse/otherwiseyou’llbelateUseyourhead,andyou’llfindaway.=Ifyouuseyourhand,you’llfindaway.※在下列情况下，if引导的条件状语从句必须用一般现在时;①主句时态是一般将来时②主句中有情态动词can、may、must、hadbetter等③主句是祈使句Lucymayfallbehindherclassmatesifshedoesn’tstudyhard.10 Pleasecallmeifmanycomestomorrow.Ifyoustillhaveanyotherquestions,pleaseputupyourhands.练习;①Studyhard，andyou’llmakegreatprogress.(改成同义句)Ifyoustudyhard，you’llmakegreatprogress.②Studyhard，oryouwillfallbehindtheothers.Ifyoudon’tstudyhard，youwillfallbehindtheothers.③——Idon’tknowifit__________tomorrow。——Wewon’tgohikingifit______________tomorrow.A.willrain；willrainB.rains；rainsC.willrain；rainsD.rains；willrain※if从句和so从句的混用①Ifkategoestothecinema，______________A.sodoesTomB.sowillTomC.neitherwillTomD.neitherdoes②——Iwonderifyourwifewillgohiking.——Ifyourwife___________,so____________.A.does；doessheB.will；willmineC.does；willmineD.will；willher③IfJimdoesn’tgoswimmingtomorrow_____________A.sodoesTomB.sowillTomC.neitherwillTomD.neitherdoesTom三、原因状语从句Because（原因）since（既然）as（由于）for（由于）⑴becauseEg:①Hedidn’tgotoschoolbecausehewasill.②Hewasangrybecausewemadeanoise.③______waterisveryimportanttous,weshouldprotectourriversandlakes.A.SoB.ThoughC.IfD.As④_________youarenotfeelingwell，you’dbetterstayathome.A.BecauseB.SinceC.OrD.But⑤_________itwasraininghard，wehadtobeindoors.A.AsB.BecauseC.AndD.So⑥AfterschoolIfoundmotherwassickinbed.________motherwasill，Ishoulddosomethingforher.A.SoB.ThoughC.SinceD.If原因状语从句通常用because、since、as引导，这三个词所表示的语气由because到as逐渐减弱。由why提出的问题用because来回答Because表示原因语气最强，经常表示作者未知的原因——Whyareyoulate？——BecauseI’mill.※又可以在强调句型中成为被强调的部分Itisbecauseyouarelazythatyouhavelostthejob.10 正因为你懒惰才失去了工作⑵since次于because引导的从句，常表示稍加分析后推断出来的原因或指的是人们已知的事实Sincenooneisagainstit,let’scarryouttheplan.Sinceyoucan’tanswerthequestion,youcanasksomeoneforhelp.⑶as语气最弱，其原因只是对结果的附带说明，可以放在主句前或主句后You’dbetterwearstrongshoesaswe’lldoalotofwalking.※because表为“因为”，强调未知原因，是句中较重要的部分，它用来回答why的提问，because从句放在主句之后since、as意思是“既然、由于”，表示显而易见的原因，是句中不甚重要的部分，更强调结果。Since、as引导的从句常放在主句之前。Since比as正式，再者都不能回答why的提问※asaresultof(因为)、becauseof（因为）、thanksto（多亏、由于）A.Thankstothebadweatherthisspring,thecropsarenorgrowingquitewell.B.Thesportsmeetingwasputoffbecausetheweatherwasbad.Thesportsmeetingwasputoffbecauseofthebadweather.⑷for属并列连词，但不是说明直接原因，而是对某种情况加以推断，用于表示补充说明理由Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.Thedaysareshort,foritisnowDecember.白天短了，因为现在已经是12月了。四、目的状语从句⑴sothat(以便、为了)、inorderthat(为了)等谓语中常含有may、might、can、could、will、would等情态动词Eg：①Hemustgetupearlysothathecancatchthefirstbus.②IsitinthefrontoftheclassroomsothatIcanseeclearly.⑵当补句主语与主句一致时，可用soasto,inordertoHeworkeddayandnightinorderthathecouldsucceed.=Heworkeddayandnightinordertosucceed.五、结果状语从句So…that/such…that(如此。。。以至于)sothat（结果是）⑴sothat引导的目的状语从句与sothat引导的结果状语从句a．目的状语从句一般使用情态动词，结果状语从句一般不使用情态动词b．结果状语从句只能放在句末c．结果状语从句常常用逗号与主句分开I’llwashthedresssoonsothatyoucanwearittomorrow.我会很快把这条裙子洗一洗，好让你明天穿（目的状语从句）Theroofhadfallenin,sothatthehutwasoutofuse.屋顶塌陷，所以小屋不能住了（结果状语从句）⑵so…that与such…that区别①so…that句型中，so是副词，其后接形容词或副词so+adj./adv+that10 so+adj.+a/an+单数名词+thatsomany/few+复数名词sosuch/little+不可数名词Sheissolovelyagirlthatweloveherverymuch.It’ssohotthatnobodywantstogoout.外面太热以至于没人想出去Wehavesomuchtimethatwecanfinishtheworkverywell.①So…that句型的否定形式可用“too…to…”或“not…enoughto”代替Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.=Heistooyoungtogotoschool.=Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.②Such+a/an+adj.+单数名词+thatSuch+形容词+复数名词+thatSuch+形容词+不可数名词+thatSheissuchanhonestwomenthateverybodytrusther.ItissuchniceweatherthatIdon’tliketostayathome.天气这么好，我不想呆在家里Sheissuchalovelygirlthatweloveherverymuch.六、让步状语从句引导词：though/although(尽管、虽然)、evenif（即使）、whatever（无论什么）、wherever（无论哪里）、whenever(无论何时)、eventhough（即使）⑴though/although虽然、尽管Though/althoughitwasveryhot,hekeptonworking.尽管天气很热他还是坚持工作※①注意though与although语义相同，两者可换用。但although比though语气主句中可以用yet，still，nevertheless与其呼应，但不可使用butThoughIbelieveit,yetImustconsider.虽然相信这一点，但我还得考虑考虑①though可作副词，放在句末，意为“不过，但是”，although无此用法Hesaidhewouldhelpme；hedidn’tthough.他说他会帮我的，但是他并没有帮我③在短语eventhough及asthough中不可换用although⑵eventhough和evenif“尽管”“即使”这两个复合连词意义相同，常用以强调让步概念，会有退一步想的意思（有时用于虚拟语气）Eg：We’llmakeatripevenif/thoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气很糟糕，我们也要去旅行EvenifIwereinyourplace,Iwouldn’ttakethejob.即使我在你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作（虚拟语气）Hewillcomeevenifheisill.即使他病了他也会来的Iwon’tgiveupevenifIshouldfailtentimes.即使失败十次，我也不会放弃。10 ⑶whoever/nomatterwho(无论谁，不管什么人)、whatever/nomatterwhat(无论什么、不管什么样的)、whichever/nomatterwhich(无论哪个)Whomever=nomatterwhom(无论谁、宾格)Eg：Whoever/nomatterwhoyouare，youmustobeythelaw.无论你是谁，你都得守法。Don’tloseheart,whatever/nomatterwhathappens.不管发生什么都不要气馁。Somepeopleactregardlessofwhatwillhappenafterwards.有些人做事根本不管后果。七、地点状语从句引导词：where(…的地方)、wherever（无论哪里）Eg：Wemustcampwherewecangetwater.我在必须能找到水的地方露营。Iwillfollowyouwheneveryougo.无论你到哪里我都跟随你。Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.有志者事竟成Youarefreetogowhereveryoulike.你可以到任何你可以去的地方Makeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.在有疑问的地方做个记号Sitwhereveryoulike.请随便坐注意：where与wherever区别Wherever=to/atanyplacewhereI’llgowherehewent.我要去他去的地方I’llgowhereverhegoes.他去哪我就去哪。（非特定地点）※地点状语从句与定语从句的区别While引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无先行词Gobackwhereyoucomefrom。你从何处来回到何处去。（地点状语从句）Gobacktothevillagewhereyoucamefrom。回到你来的哪个村子里去（引导定语从句修饰village）Youhavetogoon，whatever/nomatterwhatdifficultiesyoumeet.无论遇到什么困难，你都得继续下去Whichever/nomatterwhichbookyouborrow,youmustreturnitinaweek.※whatever、whoever、whomever、whichever等可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句而nomatterwhat/who/whom/which等只能引导让步状语从句Eg：Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.任何违反法律的人都应得到惩罚（引导主语从句，在从句中作主语）Whatevershewantsisfinewithme.她无论要什么我都没意见（引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语）Whichever（ofyou）comesinfirstwillreceiveaprize,你们之中哪个先到达都先得到奖品。（引导主语从句，在从句中作主语）however/nomatterhow(不管怎样)、wherever/nomatterwhere(无论在何处)、whenever/nomatterwhen(无论何时)Whenever/Nomatterwhenyoucomeback,don’twakemeup.Hecarriesabookinhispocket，wherever/nomatterwherehegoes.10 他不管去哪里，口袋里都带一本书However/Nomatterhowlateheis，motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.Howevergoodabookitis，Ijustdon’tlikeit.inspiteof…./despite/regardlessof…Eg:Inspiteof/Despitethefactthatheissometimesselfish，wehavetodependonhim.尽管他有时很自私，我们还是得依靠他Whereveryougo，Igotoo。（地点状语从句）无论何地=nomatterwhere八、比较状语从句引导词：than（比…）、as….as…(和…一样)、notas/so…as(不如…)、themore….themore….(越….越…..)Eg:Shestudiesharderthanheis.他看上去比实际年龄要小Themoreyouread，themoreknowledgeyoucanget.HeisasoldasI.Theprojectwascompletedearlierthanwehadexpected.这个工程完成的比我们预期的要早Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe。九、方式状语从句引导词：as（按照、像…一样、正如…..）Asif/asthough(好像、正如)1、Eg：I’lldoitasyoutellme.(按照)Everystudentdidastheteachersaid.DoastheRomansdo.入乡随俗Justaswateristofish,soairistoman.空气对于人正如水对于鱼一样。注意：AistoBwhatCistoD.是一个固定句型意为：“A对于B而言正如C对于D一样”①Wearetothemwhatfishistowater.我们和他们的关系好像鱼和水一样②Readingistomindwhatfoodistothebody.读书之于头脑如同食物之于身体※有时也可把what从句放在句首如：Whattheblueprintistothebuildertheoutlineistothewriter.写作提纲之于作家就如同蓝图之于建筑师一样。2、asif/asthough引导的从句若与事实相反用虚拟语气；若与事实相符不用虚拟语气。Shelooksasifshe’sgoingtocry.她看起来似乎要哭Irememberitasifitwereyesterday.我记得这件事仿佛是昨天发生的Ourteachertreatsusasthoughwewereherchildren.我们的老师对待我们就像对待他的孩子以一样。10 习题：1.Wewillarriveatthecinemaintenminutes________thereisn’ttoomuchtrafficinthestreet.(10东城二模)DA.tillB.thoughC.beforeD.if2.Theplayerskeptontraining________itrainedheavily.(10宣武二模)BA.sinceB.thoughC.becauseD.for3.—Dad,I'mafraidthatIcan'tdoit.（10西城二模）D—Takeiteasy,dear.You'llneverknowit__________youtry.A.afterB.sinceC.whenD.until4.MrLididn’tcometoschool_____hewasill.（10通州二模）BA.butB.becauseC.andD.or5.Whydon’tyoulookupthenewwordinadictionary________youdon’tknowit?(10怀柔二模)AA.ifB.thatC.thoughD.whether6.Hedidn’tgotobed______hefinishedhishomework.（10大兴二模）DA.whenB.ifC.thatD.until7.Benwasunhappy_______hegotaCinthemathtest.AA.becauseB.beforeC.ifD.when8.Itisknowntoallthat_______youexerciseregularly,youwon’tstayingoodhealth.AA.unlessB.ifC.untilD.as9.Youcan’tgooutandplay_______you’vedoneyourhomework.DA.whenB.sinceC.whileD.until10.—Whyhasn’tMr.Licometoworktoday?D—________hehasgonetoBeijingtohaveameeting.A.IfB.AfterC.BeforeD.Because11.kateis______busy_______shecan’thaveapicnicwithusthisweekend.BA.too;toB.so;thatC.such;thatD.so;as12.Manypeoplemovetothecountryside________theyenjoythequietlifethere.CA.untilB.ifC.becauseD.before13.—Wouldyouliketogotothegymwithme,Ben?—I’dliketo,_______youdon’twanttogoalone.A.untilB.beforeC.ifD.after14.Lilydidn’tgotoschooltoday_______sheisill.A.ifB.beforeC.untilD.because15.UncleWanggaveallhissavingtotheHopeSchool________hehimselfwasnotrich.A.becauseB.thoughC.ifD.or16.Weweresoexcitedthatwerushedintothestreet_______weheardthenews.A.untilB.eversinceC.asifD.assoonas17.Youshouldfinishyourhomework______yougoouttoplay.A.whenB.afterC.beforeD.while18.Billwon’tmakeanyprogress______hestudiesharderthanbefore.10 A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.unless19.______scientistshavedonealotofresearchonA(H1N1)flu,therearestillsomecasesforfurtherstudy.A.AsB.OnceC.IfD.Although20.XiaoHuafelt________atthebeginningofthisterm_______hegotthetextbooksforfree.A.excited;becauseB.exciting;becauseC.excited;soD.exciting;so21.—DidyougiveDickacall?—Ididn’tneedto______I’llseehimsoon.A.whenB.thoughC.untilD.because22.________wellyoudrive,youmustdrivecarefully.A.NomatterwhereB.InorderthatC.NomatterhowD.Assoonas23.I’mwaitingformyMum.______,I’llgoshoppingwithher.A.Ifshedoesn’tcomeB.IfshecomesC.IfshewillcomeD.Ifshewon’tcome24.Thefilm”KungFuPanda”is________interesting________Iwouldliketoseeitagain.A.such;thatB.too;toC.as;asD.so;that25.Tomknewnothingaboutit_______hissistertoldhim.A.sinceB.ifC.until26.—MayIsurftheInternetnow?—No，_______youhavefinisheddoingthedishes.A.unlessB.ifC.becauseD.when28.—YourFrenchissogood.HowlonghaveyoubeeninFrance?—_____Iwasfive.A.UntilB.SinceC.WhenD.While29.Don’tforgettowashyourhands________youhavemeals.A.untilB.beforeC.whenD.while30.—Wherewasyourbrotheratthistimelastnight?—Hewaswritingane-mail_______IwaswatchingTVathome.A.assoonasB.afterC.untilD.while31._______yougo,______youdo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.A.If;ifB.wherever;whateverC.where;what32.—Whatisourheadteacherlike,doyouknow?—Oh，heisverykind_______helooksveryserious.A.becauseB.thoughC.ifD.when33.Hewillcomehererightaway_______hehearsthenews.A.soB.assoonasC.becauseD.though34.I’llparkthecaratPacificPlace,________thecarparkthereisfull.A.unlessB.ifC.whenD.after35.______theyarrivedearlyattheairport,theynearlymissedtheirflight.A.IfB.BecauseC.AssoonasD.Although36.Wehavebeengoodfriends________wejoinedthesameping-pongteamA.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.until37.----It;s9o’clocknow.Imustgo.10 -----It’srainingoutside.Don’tleave_________itstops.A.whenB.sinceC.whileD.until38.-----DuringtheSpringFestival,alotofpeopletakethebullettrain(动车组)home_____itisexpensive.------Yes,andit’sreallyfast.A.soB.asC.becauseD.though39.----Whencanwediscusstheproblem?----_______whenwecan,wemustprepareforittightnow.A.NomatterB.EvevthoughC.AssoonasD.Sothat40.Thesportsmeetingwillcontinue____________itrainsafternoon.A.ifB.sinceC.assoonasD.unless二、用恰当的连词填空1.__________youjunpthequeue,otherpeoplewillnotbepleased.2.Iwon’tbelieveit___________Iseeitwithmyowneyes.3.Thequestionis_________strange________nobodycananswerit.4.__________ourhometownisonlyasmallcity,thenumberofforeignerslivingandworkinghereisgrowingfast.5.Relax!____________youfinishthisEnglishexam,you’llbefreeandfeelontopoftheworld.Youcanmakeitifyouputyourheartintoit!6.Wedidn’tenjoythepicnic_________therewasaduddenrain.7.Myunclehasbeentaughtinthisschool__________hewastwentyyearsold.8.Wewereswimminginthelake__________suddenlythestormstarted.9.Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buttheyhungup________Icouldanswerthephone.10.Johnshuteverybodyoutofthekitchen_________hecouldpreparehisgrandsurprisefortheparty.10