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1、ChapterFourMorphology0.Introductioni.InChapter1,wehavementionedthatallhumanlanguageshavethefeatureofdualityofstructure.Thatistosay,eachlanguagehastwolevels:thesound-meaninglesslevelandthegrammatically-meaningfullevel.ii.InChapters2and3,westudiedtwosub-branchesoflinguistics:pho
2、neticsandphonology.Phoneticsdealswiththespeechsoundsavailableinalanguage.Butphonologyisconcernedwiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Althoughtheystudydifferentthings,theyworkatthesamelevel---thesound-meaninglesslevel.iii.Fromnowon,weshallmovetothesecondlevel---thegrammatically-meanin
3、gfullevel.Thefollowingchaptersallworkatthislevel.iv.Whatdoesmorphologystudy?Itstudiesthesmallestmeaningfulunitsinthegrammaticalsystem.Thenwhatisthesmallestunitinthegrammaticalsystem?1.Morphemesi.Introduction:traditionally,wordswereregardedasminimalmeaningfulunitsatthegrammatic
4、allevel,mainlybecausewordsinwrittenformareclearlyseparatedfromoneanotherbyspaces.Butisthatright?ii.Definition:Technically,amorphemeisdefinedasaminimalmeaningfulunitinthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage.2.Classificationsofmorphemes2.0IntroductionMorphemescanbeclassifiedbothsemantic
5、allyandstructurally.A.Semantically,morphemesaregroupedintogeneralcategories:rootmorphemesandaffixationalmorphemes:simplyspeaking,rootsandaffixes.B.Structurallyspeaking,theyfallintotwoclasses:freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.2.1Roots,affixes,freemorphemesandboundmorphemesi.Defini
6、tionofthetermsA.root---therootisthemostimportantpartofawordthatcarriestheprincipalmeaning.14B.affix---affixesarelexicallydependentonrootsanddonotconveythefundamentalmeaningofwords.C.freemorphemes---freemorphemesarethosethatcanstandbythemselvesasindividualwords.D.boundmorphemes
7、---boundmorphemesareneverfoundaloneaswords,butarealwaysjoinedwithothermorphemes.举例：disagree,meaningless,receiveii.Classificationoffreemorphemes:Freemorphemescanbefurtherdividedintotwosub-groups:A.lexicalmorphemes---Thelexicalmorphemesincludenouns,adjectives,adverbsandverbswhic
8、hcarrythecontentofthemessagesweconvey.B.functionalmorphemes--
