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1、ChapterFromWordtoText要点精梳1.Introduction简介1)Definitionofsyntax句法学定义Itreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverning,thewaywordsarecombinedtoreformsentences.Sincesentenceisusuallyregardedasthelargestgrammaticalunitofalanguage,syntaxhaslongbeenthecentreofgrammaticalS
2、tudy.句法学是指研究语言中此组合成句子的支配规则,或者简单地说,是研究句子的构造。通常认为句子是语言中最大的语法单位,所以句法长期以来是语法研究的中心。2)Representativeapproachestosyntax代表性的语法研究学派Differentlinguistictheoriesfirstdifferintheirtreatment.Ofsentencestructure.Inthischapter,thefollowingapproachestosyntaxwillbeintrod
3、uced:thetraditionalapproach,theStructuralapproach,thegenerativeapproach,thefunctionalapproach(thePragueschool)andthesystemic-functiongrammar(Holliday’sapproach).不同的语言理论首先体现在对句子结构的不同处理上。本章将要介绍一下几种流派:传统学派,结构主义学派,生成学派,功能学派(布拉格语言学派)和系统功能学派(韩礼德学派)。2.Syntacti
4、cRelationsThesyntacticrelationreferstotherelationbetweenwordsinasentence,whichcanbestudiedfrombothverticalandlatitudinalperspectives.generallyspeaking,thesyntacticrelationsincludethreebasictypes:positionalrelation,relationofsubstitutabilityandrelationso
5、fco-occurrence.thefirsttypebelongstoovertrelations,whiletheresttwobelongtocovertrelations.2.句法关系句法关系是指在句子组合中词和词之间的关系,通常可以从水平和垂直两个维度来考查。一般说来,句法关系有三种:位置关系,替代关系和共现关系。第一种关系是显性关系,后两种则是隐性关系。positionalrelationItreferstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguag
6、e.Soitisalsocalledwordorder.Itisthebasicsyntacticrelation,andalsotherequirementofgrammaticalacceptabilityandsemanticintelligibilityofhumanlanguage.位置关系位置关系是指语言中词的排列顺序。因此位置关系又叫词序。位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系,也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可以理解性的需求。relationofsubstitutabilityItrefe
7、rstoclassesofsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinthesamesentence.替代关系替代关系是指在同一句子中相同此类或形同词汇集合的词从语法的角度讲可以相互替换。co-occurrenceItreferstothatwordsofdifferentsetsorclassesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentence
8、oraparticularpartofasentence.共现关系共现关系是指不同词类的不同词汇集合准许另一个词类或集合的词出现构成一个句子或句子的某一个特定部分。traditionalapproachTraditionally,asentenceisseenasasequenceofwords.Thestudyofsentenceformation,therefore,involvesagreatofthestudyofword,suchas,thec