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1、目录外文文献11.Introduction12.Gamesandgametheory23.Theoriesofsocialpreferences34.Whydogameexperiments?Andwhichgames?35.Conclusions4中文翻译41.摘要42.博弈和博弈论53.社会偏好理论64.为什么用博弈做实验？用什么博弈？65.结论6外文文献MeasuringSocialNormsandPreferencesusingExperimentalGames:AGuideforSoc
2、ialScientistsColinF.CamererandErnstFehr1.IntroductionThepurposeofthischapteristodescribeamenuofexperimentalgamesthatareusefulformeasuringaspectsofsocialnormsandsocialpreferences.Economistsusetheterm“preferences”torefertothechoicespeoplemake,andpartic
3、ularlytotradeoffsbetweendifferentcollections(“bundles”)ofthingstheyvalue—food,money,time,prestige,andsoforth.“Socialpreferences”refertohowpeoplerankdifferentallocationsofmaterialpayoffstothemselvesandothers.Self-interestedindividualscareonlyaboutthei
4、rownmaterialpayoffs.Thepasttwodecadesofexperimentalresearchhaveshown,however,thatasubstantialfractionofpeopleindevelopedcountries(typicallycollegestudents)alsocareaboutthepayoffsofothers.Insomesituations,manypeoplearewillingtospendresourcestoreduceth
5、epayoffofothers.Inothersituations,thesamepeoplespendresourcestoincreasethepayoffofothers.Aswewillsee,thewillingnesstoreduceorincreasethepayoffofrelevantreferenceactorsexistseventhoughpeoplereapneitherpresentnorfuturematerialrewardsfromreducingorincre
6、asingpayoffsofothers.Thisindicatesthat,inadditiontoself-interestedbehavior,peoplesometimesbehaveasiftheyhavealtruisticpreferences,andpreferencesforequalityandreciprocity.1Reciprocity,aswedefineithere,isdifferentfromthenotionofreciprocalaltruisminevol
7、utionarybiology.Reciprocitymeansthatpeoplearewillingtorewardfriendlyactionsandtopunishhostileactionsalthoughtherewardorpunishmentcausesanetreductioninthematerialpayoffofthosewhorewardorpunish.Similarly,peoplewhodislikeinequalityarewillingtotakecostly
8、actionstoreduceinequalityalthoughthismayresultinanetreductionoftheirmaterialpayoff.Reciprocalaltruismtypicallyassumesthatreciprocationyieldsanetincreaseinthematerialpayoff(forexample,becauseoneplayer’sactionearnsthemareputationwhichbenefitstheminthef
