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1、ChapterFive Meaning11.TheStudyofMeaningSemantics:thestudyofmeaning英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意思是significant(有意义)。是研究语言意义的科学。Linguisticsemantics:thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticularThemeaningofwords:LexicalsemanticsThemeaningof
2、sentences:Propositionalmeaning,compositionalmeaningThemeaningofutterances:Pragmatics2Meaninghasalwaysbeenacentraltopicinhumanscholarship.Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists,e.g.Plato&Aristotle.3Logiciansandphilosophe
3、rshavetendedtoconcentrateonarestrictedrangeofsentences(typically,statements,or‘propositions’)withinasinglelanguage.Thelinguisticapproachisbroaderinscope,aimingtostudythepropertiesofmeaninginasystematicandobjectiveway,withreferencetoaswidearangeofutterancesa
4、ndlanguagesaspossible.42.ThemeaningofMEANINGTheword“meaning”hasdifferentmeanings.C.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.Johnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.5Healthmeanseverything.Hislookwasfullofmeaning.6Whatisthemeaningoflife?7Whatdoes‘capitali
5、st’meantoyou?8Whatdoes‘cornea’mean?Thetransparent,convex,anteriorportionoftheouterfibrouscoatoftheeyeballthatcoverstheirisandthepupilandiscontinuouswiththesclera.9GeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaningSeventypesofmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConno
6、tativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaning10(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawo
7、rdandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.11(2)ConnotativemeaningThecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychol
8、ogicalandsocialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.12Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,a
