牙刷和牙膏的前世今生

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1、牙刷和牙膏的前世今生　　HistoryofToothbrushes牙刷的历史　　Toothbrushingtoolsdatebackto3500～3000BCwhentheBabyloniansandtheEgyptiansmadeabrushbyfraying1）theendofatwig.TombsoftheancientEgyptianshavebeenfoundcontainingtoothsticksalongsidetheirowners.Around1600BC，theChinesedeveloped"chewingsticks"tofreshenbreathwhic

2、hweremadefromaromatic2）treetwigs.　　TheChinesearebelievedtohaveinventedthefirstnaturalbristle3）toothbrushinthe15thcentury，madefromthebristlesfrompigs'necksattachedtoaboneorbamboohandle.WhenitwasbroughtfromChinatoEurope，thisdesignwasadaptedandoftenusedsofterhorsehairs，whichmanyEuropeanspreferred

3、.OtherdesignsinEuropeusedfeathers.　　ThefirsttoothbrushofamoremoderndesignwasmadebyWilliamAddisinEnglandaround1780―thehandlewascarvedfromcattleboneandthebrushportionwasstillmadefromswine4）bristles.In1844，thefirst3-rowbristlebrushwasdesigned.　　NaturalbristlesweretheonlysourceofbristlesuntilDuPon

4、t5）inventednylon.Theinventionofnylonstartedthedevelopmentof8thetrulymoderntoothbrushin1938，andbythe1950ssofternylonbristleswerebeingmade，aspeoplepreferredthese.Thefirstelectrictoothbrushwasmadein1939andthefirstelectrictoothbrushintheUSwastheBroxodentin1960.　　Today，bothmanualandelectrictoothbru

5、shescomeinmanyshapesandsizesandaretypicallymadeofplasticmoldedhandlesandnylonbristles.Themostrecenttoothbrushmodelsincludehandlesthatarestraight，angled，curved，andcontoured6）withgripsandsoftrubberareastomakethemeasiertoholdanduse.Toothbrushbristlesareusuallysynthetic7）andrangefromverysofttosoft

6、intexture8），althoughharderbristleversionsareavailable.Toothbrushheadsrangefromverysmallforyoungchildrentolargersizesforolderchildrenandadultsandcomeinavarietyofshapessuchasrectangular，oblong9），ovalandalmostround.　　ThebasicfundamentalshavenotchangedsincethetimesoftheEgyptiansandBabylonians―ahan

7、dletogrip，andabristle-likefeaturewithwhichtocleantheteeth.Overitslonghistory，thetoothbrushhasevolvedtobecomeascientificallydesignedtoolusingmodernergonomic10）designsandsafeandhygienicmaterials.8　　刷牙工具的出现最早可以追溯到公元前3500～3000年，当时古巴比伦人和古埃及人