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1、350BCPOETICSbyAristotleTranslatedbyS.H.ButcherPOETICS
2、1IIPROPOSEtotreatofPoetryinitselfandofitsvariouskinds,notingtheessentialqualityofeach,toinquireintothestructureoftheplotasrequisitetoagoodpoem;intothenumberandnatureofthepartsofwhichapoemiscomposed;ands
3、imilarlyintowhateverelsefallswithinthesameinquiry.Following,then,theorderofnature,letusbeginwiththeprincipleswhichcomefirst.EpicpoetryandTragedy,ComedyalsoandDithyrambicpoetry,andthemusicofthefluteandofthelyreinmostoftheirforms,areallintheirgeneralconcepti
4、onmodesofimitation.Theydiffer,however,fromoneanotherinthreerespects-themedium,theobjects,themannerormodeofimitation,beingineachcasedistinct.Forastherearepersonswho,byconsciousartormerehabit,imitateandrepresentvariousobjectsthroughthemediumofcolorandform,or
5、againbythevoice;sointheartsabovementioned,takenasawhole,theimitationisproducedbyrhythm,language,or'harmony,'eithersinglyorcombined.Thusinthemusicofthefluteandofthelyre,'harmony'andrhythmaloneareemployed;alsoinotherarts,suchasthatoftheshepherd'spipe,whichar
6、eessentiallysimilartothese.Indancing,rhythmaloneisusedwithout'harmony';forevendancingimitatescharacter,emotion,andaction,byrhythmicalmovement.Thereisanotherartwhichimitatesbymeansoflanguagealone,andthateitherinproseorverse-whichverse,again,mayeithercombine
7、differentmetersorconsistofbutonekind-butthishashithertobeenwithoutaname.ForthereisnocommontermwecouldapplytothemimesofSophronandXenarchusandtheSocraticdialoguesontheonehand;and,ontheother,topoeticimitationsiniambic,elegiac,oranysimilarmeter.Peopledo,indeed
8、,addtheword'maker'or'poet'tothenameofthemeter,andspeakofelegiacpoets,orepic(thatis,hexameter)poets,asifitwerenottheimitationthatmakesthepoet,buttheversethatentitlesthemalltothename.Evenwhenatreatiseonmedicineornaturalscienceisbroughtoutinverse,thenameofpoe
9、tisbycustomgiventotheauthor;andyetHomerandEmpedocleshavenothingincommonbutthemeter,sothatitwouldberighttocalltheonepoet,theotherphysicistratherthanpoet.Onthesameprinciple,evenifawriterinhispoeticimitationwere
