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1、Contingency,irony,andsolidarityContingency,irony,andsolidarityRICHARDRORTYUniversityProfessorofHumanities,UniversityofVirginia14h4�414141CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSPublishedbythePressSyndicateoftheUniversityofCambridgeThePittBuilding,TrumpingronStreet,CambridgeCB2lRP40West20thStreet,New
2、York,NY10011-4211,USA10StamfordRoad,Oakleigh,Melbourne3166,Australia©CambridgeUniversityPress1989Firstpublished1989Reprinted1989(thrice),1990,1991(twice),1992,1993,1994,1995PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailableBritishLibraryCatalog
3、inginPublicationappliedforISBN0-521-35381-5hardbackISBN0-521-36781-6paperbackInmemoryofsixliberals:myparentsandgrandparentsTheagilastes[Rabelais'swordforthosewhodonotlaugh},thenonthoughtofreceivedideas,andkitschareoneandthesame,thethreeheadedenemyoftheartbornastheechoofGod'slaughter,
4、theartthatcreatedthefascinatingimaginativerealmwherenooneownsthetruthandeveryonehastherighttobeunderstood.ThatimaginativerealmoftolerancewasbornwithmodernEurope,itistheveryimageofEuropeoratleastourdreamofEurope,adreammanytimesbetrayedbutnonethelessstrongenoughtouniteusallinthefratern
5、itythatstretchesfarbeyondthelittleEuropeancontinent.Butweknowthattheworldwheretheindividualisrespected(theimaginativeworldofthenovel,andtherealoneofEurope)isfragileandperishable....ifEuropeancultureseemsunderthreattoday,ifthethreatfromwithinandwithouthangsoverwhatismostpreciousabouti
6、t-itsrespectfortheindividual,forhisoriginalthought,andforhisrighttoaninviolableprivatelife-then,Ibelieve,thatpreciousessenceoftheEuropeanspiritisbeingheldsafeasinatreasurechestinsidethehistoryofthenovel,thewisdomofthenovel.MilanKundera,TheArtoftheNovelContentsPre/acepagexiIntroductio
7、nX111PartI:ContingencyIThecontingencyoflanguage32Thecontingencyofselfbood233Thecontingencyofaliberalcommunity44PartII:IronismandTheory4Privateironyandliberalhope735Self-creationandaffiliation:Proust,Nietzsche,andHeidegger6Fromironisttheorytoprivateallusions:Derrida122PartIII:Crueltya
8、ndSolidarity
