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1、NAMINGANDNECESSITYSaulA.KripkeHarvardUniversityPressCambridge,MassachusettsCopyrightC1972,1980bySaulA.KripkeAllrightsreservedTwelfthprll1ting,2001LibraryofCODp'etICatalogiaginPublicatioDDataKripke,SaulA.1940-Nammgandnecessity.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.1.Necessity(PhIlosophy)-Address
2、es,essays,lectures.2.Reference(Philosophy)-Addresses,essays,lectures.3.Identity-Addresses,essays,lectures.I.TitleBD417.K7416079-26088ISBN0-674-59845-8(doth)ISBN0-674-59846-6(paper)PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaforMARGARETCONTENTSPreface1LectureI22LectureII71LectureIII106Addenda156Index165PREFACE
3、OriginallyIhadintendedtoreviseoraugmentNamingandNecessityextensively.Considerabletimehaselapsed,andIhavecometorealizethatanyextensiverevisionorexpansionwoulddelaytheappearanceofaseparate,lessexpensiveeditionofNamingandNecessityindefmitely.Further,asfarasrevisionisconcerned,thereissomethingtobesaidf
4、orpreservingaworkinitsoriginalform,wartsandall.Ihavethusfollowedaveryconservativepolicyofcorrectionforthepresentprinting.Obviousprintingerrorshavebeencorrected,andslightchangeshavebeenmadetomakevarioussentencesorformulationsclearer.1Agoodindicationofmyconservativepolicyisinfootnote56.Inthatfootnote
5、theletter-nomenclatureforthevariousobjectsinvolved,inexplicablygarbledintheoriginalprinting,hasbeencorrected;butImakenomentionofthefactthattheargumentofthefootnotenowseemstometohaveproblemswhichIdidnotknowwhenIwroteitandwhichatleastrequirefurtherdiscussion.IIThesameconsiderationsleadmetogiveupanyse
6、riousattempttousethisprefacetoamplifymypreviousargument,tofillinlacunae,ortodealwithseriouscriticismsordifficulties.1IthankMargaretGilbertforhervaluablehelpinthisediting.IAlthoughIhavenothadtimeforcarefulstudyofNathanSalmon'scriticismUournal!ifPhilosophy(1979),pp.703-25)ofthisfootnote,itseemslikely
7、thathiscriticismoftheargument,thoughrelatedtomine,isnotthesameandreconstructsitinawaythatdoesnotcorrespondtomyexactintentalldmakestheargumentunnecessarilyweak.Also,IthinkIhadnoambitioninthisshortfootnoterig