AP微观经济学知识要点.pdf

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1、Chapter1BasicEconomicConceptsEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesusescarceresourcestoproducevaluablecommoditiesanddistributethemamongdifferentpeople.1.PrinciplesAreDerivedAtTwoLevels:Macroeconomics:isconcernedwiththeoverallperformanceoftheeconomy.Macrolooksatt

2、otalsoraggregatestoexaminethe"bigpicture".Microeconomics:isconcernedwiththebehaviorofindividualentitiessuchasmarkets,firmsandhouseholds.Microlooksatthe"treesnottheforest".2.EconomicGoals:Positiveeconomicscollectsandpresentsfacts.Itavoidsvaluejudgments.Posi

3、tiveeconomicsconcernsWHATIS—whattheeconomyisreallylike.Normativeeconomicsinvolvesvaluejudgmentsaboutwhattheeconomyshouldbelikeorwhichpoliciesarebest.NormativeeconomicsembodiessubjectivefeelingsaboutWHATOUGHTTOBE—examiningthedesirabilityofcertainconditionsor

4、aspectsoftheeconomy.3.Scarcity:Scarcityisthesituationthatexistswhentheyarenotenoughresourcestomeethumanwants.Necessityvs.WantsWantsmultiplyovertimewithnewproductsandincomesHumanwantstendtobeunlimited,butresourcesarelimitedResourcesineconomyisanythingthatc

5、anbeusedtoproduceagoodorservice.Fourtypesofresourcesare:Land—AllnaturalresourcesFieldsForestSeaMineraldepositsGiftsofnatureLabor—HumanResourcesManualClericalTechnicalProfessionalManagerialCapital—formthedurablegoodsofaneconomyFactoriesOfficebu

6、ildingMachineryToolsandequipmentUseoftechnologyUseofavailableinformationEntrepreneurship—aparticulartypeofhumanresourceBusinessinnovatorSeesopportunitytomakeprofitUsesunexploitedrawmaterialsTakesriskwithnewproductorprocessBringstogetherland,labor,c

7、apitalResourcePayments—notethespecialtermsusedLand-RentLabor-wagesandsalariesCapital-InterestEntrepreneurship–ProfitSummary:Economistsdealwiththeproblemofscarcity.Scarcityrequiresthatpeopleandcompaniesmakechoices.Togetonething,weoftenmustgiveupanother.TheOpp

8、ortunityCostisthevalueofthegoodorserviceforgone.4.ProductionPossibilityCurve:PPCisaneconomicmodeltodemonstrateopportunitycostsandtradeoffs.Itshowsthevariouscombinationsofgoodsthatasocietycanhave