linguistics 2010

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1、Chapter1introduction1.Whylearnlinguistics?2.Whattolearn?3.What’sthedifferencebetweenlinguisticsandliterature?DefinitionoflinguisticsThescientificstudyorsystematicstudyoflanguages.Science--linguistics----------literatureProcessofLinguisticStudyLinguis

2、ticfactsareobserved;similaritiesarefound,sogeneralizationsaremade;Hypothesesareformulated;Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;Atheoryisconstructedabouthowlanguageworks.FourPrinciplesinLinguisticStudyExhaustiveness穷尽性consistency一致性Economy经济性Objec

3、tivity客观性ScopesoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics/Microlinguistics普通语言学/微观语言学pp.4-5Macrolinguistics宏观语言学pp.5-7interdisciplinarybranchesofstudy交叉学科研究）MicrolinguisticsThestudyoflanguageitself;itstudiesthevariousaspectsoflanguage,includingsound,formandmean

4、ing.Sound:phonetics,phonologyForm:morphology,syntaxMeaning:semantics,(pragmatics)MacrolinguisticsThestudyoflanguageinrelationtootherdisciplines(interdisciplinarystudies):Psycholinguistics:languageandmind,languageacquisition,comprehensionandproduction

5、Neurolinguistics:languageprocessingandrepresentationStylistics:scienceofliterature,etc.SomeLinguisticDistinctions1.Descriptive&prescriptivegrammars2.Synchronic&diachroniclinguistics共时语言学历时语言学3.Langue语言&parole言语bySaussure4.Competence语言能力&performance语言

6、应用byChomsky5.Syntagmatic¶digmaticrelations（横）组合关系和（纵）聚合关系6.Functionalism功能主义&formalism形式主义linguisticsvs.traditionalgrammar1.Descriptivevs.prescriptive;2.Oral(speech)vs.written(language)3.Individuallanguagevs.Latin-based1.Descriptive&prescriptiveg

7、rammarsDescriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage;PrescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguageAlinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesofcorrectnessH

8、edoesnotbelievethatthereissomeabsolutestandardofcorrectnessconcerninglanguageuse.SpokenlanguageasprimaryLinguistsgiveprioritytothespokenlanguage,becauseitprecedesthewrittenlanguageeverywhereintheworldandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthevocalsoundsL