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1、InternationalEconomicsByRobertJ.Carbaugh9thEditionChapter7:TradeRegulationsandIndustrialPoliciesTheUSandinternationaltradeSmoot-HawleyTariffAct(1930)HighpointofUSprotectionismReciprocalTradeAgreementsAct(1934)Introduced“mostfavorednation”(MFN)clause(now
2、called“normaltraderelations”)GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade[GATT](1947)WorldTradeOrganization(1995)Traderegulation2Carbaugh,Chap.7GATT-PostwartradeliberalizationFoundedontheprincipleofnon-discrimination,including:"NormalTradeRelations"treatmentNation
3、altreatmentofimportedgoodsIncludedtradedisputeresolutionmechanismsCommittedsignatoriestousetariffsratherthanquotasTraderegulation3Carbaugh,Chap.7GATT-Postwartradeliberalization(2)StartedregularnegotiationstoreducetariffsandNTBsExceptionsallowednationsto
4、sidesteptheruleswhentheyfeltthreatened,withoutabandoningtheentireprocessTraderegulation4Carbaugh,Chap.7GATTnegotiationsEarlybilateralagreementsKennedyRound(1964-67)-firstmulti-lateralnegotiations;focusontariffcutsTokyoRound(1973-79)-focusonloweringnon-t
5、ariffbarriersUruguayRound(1986-93)-coverednewissueareas(intellectualproperty,services,agriculture),includeddevelopingnationsTraderegulation5Carbaugh,Chap.7GATTbecomesWTOGATTagreementbecameWorldTradeOrganizationinJanuary1995WTOmembersmustadheretoallagree
6、mentsnegotiatedunderGATT(notpickandchoose)Coverstradeingoods,services,intellectualpropertyandinvestmentWTOstrengthensGATT'sdispute-settlementmechanismsTraderegulation6Carbaugh,Chap.7ControversyoverWTOWorriesaboutinfringementonnationalsovereigntyConcerna
7、bouttradeliberalizationunderminingenvironmentalprotectionWTObecameatargetforbroaderoppositionto"globalization"Traderegulation7Carbaugh,Chap.7UStraderemedylawsEscapeclauseCountervailingdutiesAnti-dumpingdutiesUnfairtradepractices(Section301)Protectionofi
8、ntellectualpropertyTradeadjustmentassistanceTraderegulation8Carbaugh,Chap.7Effectsofdumping,subsidies,andremediesTraderegulation9Carbaugh,Chap.7Effectsofdumping,subsidies,andremediesTraderegulation10Carbaugh,Chap.7US“industrialpo
