国际贸易与金融双语ch(5)

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1、InternationalEconomicsByRobertJ.Carbaugh9thEditionChapter8:TradePoliciesfortheDevelopingNationsDevelopingnations’tradeVerydependentonthedevelopedindustrialcountriesasexportmarketsandsourceofimportsExportsareheavilyweightedtowardprimaryproducts(agricultura

2、lgoods,rawmaterials,fuels)andlabor-intensivemanufacturesShareofmanufacturedexportsisincreasing,butmainlyinasmallnumberofnewlyindustrializednations(suchasSouthKorea,HongKong)Developingnationsandtrade2Carbaugh,Chap.8Developingnations:dependenceonprimaryprod

3、ucts(2000)DevelopingnationsandtradeMajorexportAs%ofCountryproducttotalexportsNigeriaOil96SaudiArabiaOil86VenezuelaOil86BurundiCoffee79MauritaniaIronore56ZambiaCopper56EthiopiaCoffee54ChadCotton403Carbaugh,Chap.8Developingnations’concernsQuestionwhethergai

4、nsfromtradewithindustrialcountrieshavebeenfairlydistributedFaceproblemsofunstableexportmarketsConcentrationononeorafewprimary-productexportscombinedwithinelasticsupplyanddemandconditionsArguethattheyfaceworseningtermsoftradeasrelativevalueofprimaryproduct

5、shasfallencomparedtomanufacturedgoodstheyimportFacelimitedmarketaccessforexportsbecauseofprotectionismEspeciallyforagriculturalandlabor-intensivegoodsDevelopingnationsandtrade4Carbaugh,Chap.8ExportpriceinstabilityforadevelopingnationDevelopingnationsandtr

6、ade5Carbaugh,Chap.8RemediesfordevelopingnationproblemsStabilizingcommodityprices-internationalcommodityagreementsProductionandexportcontrolsBufferstocksMultilateralcontractsGeneralizedsystemofpreferences(GSP)Butexperiencewithcommodityagreementshasbeenmixe

7、d,atbest,andapplicationoftheGSPisspottyDevelopingnationsandtrade6Carbaugh,Chap.8ProductionandexportcontrolsDevelopingnationsandtrade7Carbaugh,Chap.8Bufferstocks:priceceilingandpricesupportDevelopingnationsandtrade8Carbaugh,Chap.8CartelsAttempttorestrictco

8、mpetitionamongproducersandsupporthigherpricesfortheirproductFaceobstacles:IncentivetocheatNumberofsellersCostanddemanddifferencesPotentialcompetitionEconomicdownturnsSubstitutegoodsDevelopingnationsandtrade9Carbaugh