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1、8TheTranslationStudiesReader2000(ed.LawrenceVenuti).London&NewYork:Routledge,113-118.RomanJakobsonOnlinguisticAspectsofTranslationAccordingtoBertrandRussell,“noonecanunderstandtheword‘cheese’unlesshehasanonlinguisticacquaintancewithcheese.”1If,however,wefollowRussell’sfundamentalpreceptandpl
2、aceour“emphasisuponthelinguisticaspectsoftraditionalphilosophicalproblems,”thenweareobligedtostatethatnoonecanunderstandtheword“cheese”unlesshehasanacquaintancewiththemeaningassignedtothiswordinthelexicalcodeofEnglish.Anyrepresentativeofacheese-lessculinaryculturewillunderstandtheEnglishword
3、“cheese”ifheisawarethatinthislanguageitmeans“foodmadeofpressedcurds”andifhehasatleastalinguisticacquaintancewith“curds.”Weneverconsumedambrosiaornectarandhaveonlyalinguisticacquaintancewiththewords“ambrosia,”“nectar,”and“gods”-thenameoftheirmythicalusers;nonetheless,weunderstandthesewordsand
4、knowinwhatcontextseachofthemmaybeused.Themeaningofthewords“cheese,”“apple,”“nectar,”“acquaintance,”“but,”“mere,”andofanywordorphrasewhatsoeverisdefinitelyalinguistic-ortobemorepreciseandlessnarrow-asemioticfact.Againstthosewhoassignmeaning(signatum)nottothesign,buttothethingitself,thesimples
5、tandtruestargumentwouldbethatnobodyhaseversmelledortastedthemeaningof“cheese”orof“apple.”Thereisnosignatumwithoutsignum.Themeaningoftheword“cheese”cannotbeinferredfromanonlinguisticacquaintancewithcheddarorwithcamembertwithouttheassistanceoftheverbalcode.Anarrayoflinguisticsignsisneededtoint
6、roduceanunfamiliarword.Merepointingwillnotteachuswhether“cheese”isthenameofthegivenspecimen,orofanyboxofcamembert,orofcamembertingeneralorofanycheese,anymilkproduct,anyfood,anyrefreshment,orperhapsanyboxirrespectiveofcontents.Finally,doesawordsimplynamethethinginquestion,ordoesitimplyameanin
7、gsuchasoffering,sale,prohibition,ormalediction?(Pointingactuallymaymeanmalediction;insomecultures,particularlyinAfrica,itisanominousgesture.)Forus,bothaslinguistsandasordinaryword-users,themeaningofany8linguisticsignisitstranslationintosomefurther,
