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1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishThefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis1theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof2breakdownisinthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords__3ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay___4unfavorablereactionsinthelistener5interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.6__,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake___7difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe8whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe9toexplainordescribeina10thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.1.[A]of[B]at[C]for[D]on2.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid3.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys[D]offers4.[A]passout[B]takeaway[C]backup[D]stirup5.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what6.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly7.[A]that[B]it[C]so[D]this8.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning9.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable10.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]waySectionⅡReadingComprehensionPassage1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivateenterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproduce goodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.11.InLine11,Para1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means__.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes12.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat__.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices13.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby__.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources[D]freecontractsandprices14.Thepassageismainlyabout__.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsPassage2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotional.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.15.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto__.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo [C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto16.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat__.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore17.Thephrase"ringupsales"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“___”.[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock18.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Passage3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding—theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatminorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren—therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren—disabledornot—toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.19.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat_____.[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare[C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren20.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat__.[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentials [D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration21.Thispassagemainlydealswith__.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren22.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren___.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry’sfounders[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsPassage4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“Somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur.Hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging—13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas(胰腺).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(基因),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHaywar.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter."First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction."23.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto__.[A].predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered24.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,__.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients[B]90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers[D]therewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients25.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes__.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson [B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells[D]whichnormalcellscan’tturnoff26.Theword"dormant"inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans__.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialPassage5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold(霉)onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal—andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirsandtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities."Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,"wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:"Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?"Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.27.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby"untaughtmind"inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.28.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.29.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because__.[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings.[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented30.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare__.[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience [D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietyPartⅢEnglish-ChineseTranslationAccordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(31)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(32)“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(33)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(34)Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeye-glasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(35)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.PartⅣWriting(15points)DIRECTIONS:A.Title:ONMAKINGFRIENDSB.TIMELIMIT:40minutesC.Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.”E.YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.OUTLINE:l.Theneedforfriends2.Truefriendship3.Myprincipleinmakingfriends
